diff --git a/scripts/utils/to_mp4.sh b/scripts/utils/to_mp4.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..63501e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/utils/to_mp4.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# to_mp4.sh
+#
+# Convert video files (non-mp4) to mp4 format using ffmpeg.
+# Accepts either a single video file or a directory (will recurse into subdirectories).
+
+# Video extensions to search for (excluding mp4 since that's our target)
+VIDEO_EXTENSIONS=("webm" "mkv" "avi" "mov" "wmv" "flv" "m4v" "mpg" "mpeg" "3gp" "ogv" "ts" "mts" "m2ts" "vob" "asf" "rm" "rmvb" "divx" "f4v")
+
+# Conversion settings
+CRF=23          # Quality (0-51, lower = better quality, 18-28 is reasonable for H.264)
+PRESET="medium" # Encoding speed: ultrafast, superfast, veryfast, faster, fast, medium, slow, slower, veryslow
+DELETE_ORIGINAL=false
+
+log() {
+	printf '[%s] %s\n' "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')" "$*"
+}
+
+usage() {
+	cat <<EOF
+Usage:
+  $(basename "$0") [OPTIONS] PATH
+
+Convert video files to mp4 format using ffmpeg.
+PATH can be a single video file or a directory (will recurse into subdirectories).
+
+Options:
+  -c CRF       Quality level 0-51 (default: 23, lower = better quality)
+  -p PRESET    Encoding preset (default: medium)
+               Options: ultrafast, superfast, veryfast, faster, fast, medium, slow, slower, veryslow
+  -d           Delete original file after successful conversion
+  -h           Show this help
+
+Examples:
+  $(basename "$0") video.webm
+  $(basename "$0") /path/to/videos/
+  $(basename "$0") -c 20 -d /path/to/videos/
+  $(basename "$0") -p slow -c 18 movie.mkv
+EOF
+}
+
+ensure_ffmpeg() {
+	if ! command -v ffmpeg >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		echo "Error: 'ffmpeg' is not installed or not in PATH." >&2
+		exit 1
+	fi
+}
+
+is_video_file() {
+	local file="$1"
+	local ext="${file##*.}"
+	ext="${ext,,}" # lowercase
+
+	for video_ext in "${VIDEO_EXTENSIONS[@]}"; do
+		if [[ "$ext" == "${video_ext,,}" ]]; then
+			return 0
+		fi
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+convert_to_mp4() {
+	local input_file="$1"
+	local output_file="${input_file%.*}.mp4"
+
+	# Skip if output already exists
+	if [[ -f "$output_file" ]]; then
+		log "Skipping '$input_file': output '$output_file' already exists"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	log "Converting '$input_file' -> '$output_file'"
+
+	# Use H.264 codec for video and AAC for audio (maximum compatibility)
+	if ffmpeg -hide_banner -loglevel warning -i "$input_file" \
+		-c:v libx264 -crf "$CRF" -preset "$PRESET" \
+		-c:a aac -b:a 192k \
+		-movflags +faststart \
+		"$output_file"; then
+		log "Successfully converted '$input_file'"
+
+		if [[ "$DELETE_ORIGINAL" == true ]]; then
+			log "Deleting original: '$input_file'"
+			rm "$input_file"
+		fi
+	else
+		log "Error converting '$input_file'"
+		# Remove partial output file if it exists
+		[[ -f "$output_file" ]] && rm "$output_file"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+process_directory() {
+	local dir="$1"
+	local count=0
+	local failed=0
+
+	log "Searching for video files in '$dir'..."
+
+	# Find all video files (case-insensitive)
+	while IFS= read -r -d '' file; do
+		# Skip mp4 files
+		if [[ "${file,,}" == *.mp4 ]]; then
+			continue
+		fi
+
+		((count++)) || true
+		if ! convert_to_mp4 "$file"; then
+			((failed++)) || true
+		fi
+	done < <(find "$dir" -type f \( -iname "*.webm" -o -iname "*.mkv" -o -iname "*.avi" -o -iname "*.mov" \
+		-o -iname "*.wmv" -o -iname "*.flv" -o -iname "*.m4v" -o -iname "*.mpg" -o -iname "*.mpeg" \
+		-o -iname "*.3gp" -o -iname "*.ogv" -o -iname "*.ts" -o -iname "*.mts" -o -iname "*.m2ts" \
+		-o -iname "*.vob" -o -iname "*.asf" -o -iname "*.rm" -o -iname "*.rmvb" -o -iname "*.divx" \
+		-o -iname "*.f4v" \) -print0 2>/dev/null)
+
+	log "Processed $count video file(s), $failed failed"
+
+	if [[ $count -eq 0 ]]; then
+		log "No video files found in '$dir'"
+	fi
+}
+
+parse_args() {
+	while getopts ":c:p:dh" opt; do
+		case "$opt" in
+		c) CRF="$OPTARG" ;;
+		p) PRESET="$OPTARG" ;;
+		d) DELETE_ORIGINAL=true ;;
+		h)
+			usage
+			exit 0
+			;;
+		:)
+			echo "Error: Option -$OPTARG requires an argument." >&2
+			usage
+			exit 1
+			;;
+		\?)
+			echo "Error: Invalid option -$OPTARG" >&2
+			usage
+			exit 1
+			;;
+		esac
+	done
+	shift $((OPTIND - 1))
+
+	if [[ $# -lt 1 ]]; then
+		echo "Error: No path specified." >&2
+		usage
+		exit 1
+	fi
+
+	TARGET_PATH="$1"
+}
+
+main() {
+	ensure_ffmpeg
+	parse_args "$@"
+
+	if [[ ! -e "$TARGET_PATH" ]]; then
+		echo "Error: Path '$TARGET_PATH' does not exist." >&2
+		exit 1
+	fi
+
+	if [[ -f "$TARGET_PATH" ]]; then
+		# Single file
+		if [[ "${TARGET_PATH,,}" == *.mp4 ]]; then
+			log "File '$TARGET_PATH' is already in mp4 format, skipping."
+			exit 0
+		fi
+
+		if is_video_file "$TARGET_PATH"; then
+			convert_to_mp4 "$TARGET_PATH"
+		else
+			echo "Error: '$TARGET_PATH' is not a recognized video file." >&2
+			exit 1
+		fi
+	elif [[ -d "$TARGET_PATH" ]]; then
+		# Directory
+		process_directory "$TARGET_PATH"
+	else
+		echo "Error: '$TARGET_PATH' is neither a file nor a directory." >&2
+		exit 1
+	fi
+
+	log "Done!"
+}
+
+main "$@"
diff --git a/scripts/utils/to_webm.sh b/scripts/utils/to_webm.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..d9d5d7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/utils/to_webm.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+set -euo pipefail
+
+# to_webm.sh
+#
+# Convert video files (non-webm) to webm format using ffmpeg.
+# Accepts either a single video file or a directory (will recurse into subdirectories).
+
+# Video extensions to search for (excluding webm since that's our target)
+VIDEO_EXTENSIONS=("mp4" "mkv" "avi" "mov" "wmv" "flv" "m4v" "mpg" "mpeg" "3gp" "ogv" "ts" "mts" "m2ts" "vob" "asf" "rm" "rmvb" "divx" "f4v")
+
+# Conversion settings
+CRF=30          # Quality (0-63, lower = better quality, 23-30 is reasonable)
+PRESET="medium" # Encoding speed: ultrafast, superfast, veryfast, faster, fast, medium, slow, slower, veryslow
+DELETE_ORIGINAL=false
+
+log() {
+	printf '[%s] %s\n' "$(date '+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')" "$*"
+}
+
+usage() {
+	cat <<EOF
+Usage:
+  $(basename "$0") [OPTIONS] PATH
+
+Convert video files to webm format using ffmpeg.
+PATH can be a single video file or a directory (will recurse into subdirectories).
+
+Options:
+  -c CRF       Quality level 0-63 (default: 30, lower = better quality)
+  -p PRESET    Encoding preset (default: medium)
+               Options: ultrafast, superfast, veryfast, faster, fast, medium, slow, slower, veryslow
+  -d           Delete original file after successful conversion
+  -h           Show this help
+
+Examples:
+  $(basename "$0") video.mp4
+  $(basename "$0") /path/to/videos/
+  $(basename "$0") -c 25 -d /path/to/videos/
+  $(basename "$0") -p slow -c 20 movie.mkv
+EOF
+}
+
+ensure_ffmpeg() {
+	if ! command -v ffmpeg >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+		echo "Error: 'ffmpeg' is not installed or not in PATH." >&2
+		exit 1
+	fi
+}
+
+build_extension_pattern() {
+	# Build a find pattern for video extensions
+	local pattern=""
+	for ext in "${VIDEO_EXTENSIONS[@]}"; do
+		if [[ -n "$pattern" ]]; then
+			pattern="$pattern -o"
+		fi
+		pattern="$pattern -iname *.$ext"
+	done
+	echo "$pattern"
+}
+
+is_video_file() {
+	local file="$1"
+	local ext="${file##*.}"
+	ext="${ext,,}" # lowercase
+
+	for video_ext in "${VIDEO_EXTENSIONS[@]}"; do
+		if [[ "$ext" == "${video_ext,,}" ]]; then
+			return 0
+		fi
+	done
+	return 1
+}
+
+convert_to_webm() {
+	local input_file="$1"
+	local output_file="${input_file%.*}.webm"
+
+	# Skip if output already exists
+	if [[ -f "$output_file" ]]; then
+		log "Skipping '$input_file': output '$output_file' already exists"
+		return 0
+	fi
+
+	log "Converting '$input_file' -> '$output_file'"
+
+	# Use VP9 codec for video and Opus for audio (good quality, wide compatibility)
+	if ffmpeg -hide_banner -loglevel warning -i "$input_file" \
+		-c:v libvpx-vp9 -crf "$CRF" -b:v 0 \
+		-c:a libopus -b:a 128k \
+		-preset "$PRESET" \
+		"$output_file"; then
+		log "Successfully converted '$input_file'"
+
+		if [[ "$DELETE_ORIGINAL" == true ]]; then
+			log "Deleting original: '$input_file'"
+			rm "$input_file"
+		fi
+	else
+		log "Error converting '$input_file'"
+		# Remove partial output file if it exists
+		[[ -f "$output_file" ]] && rm "$output_file"
+		return 1
+	fi
+}
+
+process_directory() {
+	local dir="$1"
+	local count=0
+	local failed=0
+
+	log "Searching for video files in '$dir'..."
+
+	# Find all video files (case-insensitive)
+	while IFS= read -r -d '' file; do
+		# Skip webm files
+		if [[ "${file,,}" == *.webm ]]; then
+			continue
+		fi
+
+		((count++)) || true
+		if ! convert_to_webm "$file"; then
+			((failed++)) || true
+		fi
+	done < <(find "$dir" -type f \( -iname "*.mp4" -o -iname "*.mkv" -o -iname "*.avi" -o -iname "*.mov" \
+		-o -iname "*.wmv" -o -iname "*.flv" -o -iname "*.m4v" -o -iname "*.mpg" -o -iname "*.mpeg" \
+		-o -iname "*.3gp" -o -iname "*.ogv" -o -iname "*.ts" -o -iname "*.mts" -o -iname "*.m2ts" \
+		-o -iname "*.vob" -o -iname "*.asf" -o -iname "*.rm" -o -iname "*.rmvb" -o -iname "*.divx" \
+		-o -iname "*.f4v" \) -print0 2>/dev/null)
+
+	log "Processed $count video file(s), $failed failed"
+
+	if [[ $count -eq 0 ]]; then
+		log "No video files found in '$dir'"
+	fi
+}
+
+parse_args() {
+	while getopts ":c:p:dh" opt; do
+		case "$opt" in
+		c) CRF="$OPTARG" ;;
+		p) PRESET="$OPTARG" ;;
+		d) DELETE_ORIGINAL=true ;;
+		h)
+			usage
+			exit 0
+			;;
+		:)
+			echo "Error: Option -$OPTARG requires an argument." >&2
+			usage
+			exit 1
+			;;
+		\?)
+			echo "Error: Invalid option -$OPTARG" >&2
+			usage
+			exit 1
+			;;
+		esac
+	done
+	shift $((OPTIND - 1))
+
+	if [[ $# -lt 1 ]]; then
+		echo "Error: No path specified." >&2
+		usage
+		exit 1
+	fi
+
+	TARGET_PATH="$1"
+}
+
+main() {
+	ensure_ffmpeg
+	parse_args "$@"
+
+	if [[ ! -e "$TARGET_PATH" ]]; then
+		echo "Error: Path '$TARGET_PATH' does not exist." >&2
+		exit 1
+	fi
+
+	if [[ -f "$TARGET_PATH" ]]; then
+		# Single file
+		if [[ "${TARGET_PATH,,}" == *.webm ]]; then
+			log "File '$TARGET_PATH' is already in webm format, skipping."
+			exit 0
+		fi
+
+		if is_video_file "$TARGET_PATH"; then
+			convert_to_webm "$TARGET_PATH"
+		else
+			echo "Error: '$TARGET_PATH' is not a recognized video file." >&2
+			exit 1
+		fi
+	elif [[ -d "$TARGET_PATH" ]]; then
+		# Directory
+		process_directory "$TARGET_PATH"
+	else
+		echo "Error: '$TARGET_PATH' is neither a file nor a directory." >&2
+		exit 1
+	fi
+
+	log "Done!"
+}
+
+main "$@"