diff --git a/__init__.py b/__init__.py new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e69de29b diff --git a/gpt_chunks.py b/gpt_chunks.py index 4524cb89..4abba6a7 100644 --- a/gpt_chunks.py +++ b/gpt_chunks.py @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def process_sentence(sentence, chunked_sentences): return chunked_sentences -def chunk_sentences(file_path, output_path, api_key): +def chunk_sentences(file_path, output_path): # Read the sentences from the file with open(file_path, 'r') as file: sentences = file.readlines() @@ -39,9 +39,9 @@ def chunk_sentences(file_path, output_path, api_key): # Usage -file_path = 'STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent1.txt' -output_path = 'chunks_one.txt' -api_key = os.environ['API_KEY'] -client = OpenAI(api_key=os.environ['API_KEY']) +file_path = 'test_goldStandard/headlines/STSint.testinput.headlines.sent2.txt' +output_path = 'chunks_gpt_headlines_two.txt' +# Change me to os.environ['API_KEY'] +client = OpenAI(api_key='REDACTED_OPENAI_API_KEY') -chunk_sentences(file_path, output_path, api_key) +chunk_sentences(file_path, output_path) diff --git a/main.py b/main.py index 723935c1..c0cc0d01 100644 --- a/main.py +++ b/main.py @@ -1,8 +1,18 @@ -import processing.py +import processing +import pandas as pd # paths to students andsewrs database -studentAnswers1_path = "\test_goldstandard\STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent1.txt" -studentAnswers2_path = "\test_goldstandard\STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent2.txt" -studentAnsewrs_chunked_path1 = "test_goldstandard\STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent1.chunk.txt" -studentAnsewrs_chunked_path2 = "test_goldstandard\STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent2.chunk.txt" -studentsAnsewrs_alignment_path = "test_goldstandard\STSint.testinput.answers-students.wa" \ No newline at end of file +studentAnswers1_path = "test_goldStandard/student/STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent1.txt" +studentAnswers2_path = "test_goldStandard/student/STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent2.txt" +studentAnsewrs_chunked_path1 = "test_goldStandard/student/STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent1.chunk.txt" +studentAnsewrs_chunked_path2 = "test_goldStandard/student/STSint.testinput.answers-students.sent2.chunk.txt" +studentsAnsewrs_alignment_path = "test_goldStandard/student/STSint.testinput.answers-students.wa" + +# load data +studentAnserws = processing.load_sentences(studentAnswers1_path, studentAnswers1_path) +goldstandard_chunked = processing.load_chunked(studentAnsewrs_chunked_path1, studentAnsewrs_chunked_path2) +goldstandard_alignment = processing.load_alignment(studentsAnsewrs_alignment_path) + + +data = pd.merge(goldstandard_chunked, goldstandard_alignment, left_index=True, right_index=True).head(5) +print(data) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/processing.py b/processing.py index 3b59228c..4c641568 100644 --- a/processing.py +++ b/processing.py @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import numpy as np from lxml import etree -def load_sentences(senteance1_path: str, sentance2_path: str) -> pd.dataframe: +def load_sentences(senteance1_path: str, sentance2_path: str) -> pd.DataFrame: """ Loads the sentences from the given paths and outputs in a 2 columns dataframe """ @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ def chunk2list(chunks: str) -> list: return split -def load_chunked(chunked_path1: str, chunked_path2: str) -> pd.dataframe: +def load_chunked(chunked_path1: str, chunked_path2: str) -> pd.DataFrame: """ Loads chunked sentances in [ chunk1 ] [ chunk2 ] format into dataframe with lists of chunks """ @@ -65,12 +65,12 @@ def return_characteers(cell: str) -> str: """ converts the alignment data to restore the <==> and & tokens """ - cell = cell.replace('ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER', '<==>') - cell = cell.replace('AMPERSAND_PLACEHOLDER', '&') - return cell + cell = cell.replace('ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER', '<==>') + cell = cell.replace('AMPERSAND_PLACEHOLDER', '&') + return cell -def load_alignment(alignment_path: str) -> pd.dataframe: +def load_alignment(alignment_path: str) -> pd.DataFrame: """ Loads the alignment file. Parses only the tag and puts the data into a dataframe """ @@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ def load_alignment(alignment_path: str) -> pd.dataframe: # it also needs a root wrapped to function properly modified_content = f'{modified_content}' - modified_file_path = 'test_goldstandard/fixedarrows.wa' + modified_file_path = 'temp.wa' with open(modified_file_path, 'w') as modified_file: modified_file.write(modified_content) @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def test_XML(): # test out the format print(alignments_data[0]["alignment_text"]) -def generate_train_test_split(x: pd.dataframe, y: pd.dataframe) -> train, validate, test: pd.dataframe: +def generate_train_test_split(x: pd.DataFrame, y: pd.DataFrame): """ Generates a train, validate, test split of the given dataframes in a 60% 20% 20% ratio """ @@ -125,5 +125,3 @@ def generate_train_test_split(x: pd.dataframe, y: pd.dataframe) -> train, valida return train, validate, test - - diff --git a/temp.wa b/temp.wa new file mode 100644 index 00000000..44a66bbe --- /dev/null +++ b/temp.wa @@ -0,0 +1,13019 @@ + +// both bulbs a and c still have a closed path +// Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths + +1 both : +2 bulbs : +3 a : +4 and : +5 c : +6 still : +7 have : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // both ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulbs A and C +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // have ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulbs A and C +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths + + + + + +// terminal 1 and the positive terminal are connected. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // OPPO // 4 // are connected. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 and the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// positive battery is seperated by a gap from terminal 2 +// Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 positive : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 seperated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : +8 from : +9 terminal : +10 2 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 2 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +1 2 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // positive battery from terminal 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 2 and the positive terminal +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// There is no difference between the two terminals. +// The terminals are in the same state. + +1 There : +2 is : +3 no : +4 difference : +5 between : +6 the : +7 two : +8 terminals. : + + +1 The : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 in : +5 the : +6 same : +7 state. : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // SIMI // 3 // no difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same state. +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 4 // between the two terminals. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The terminals + + + + + +// the switch has to be contained in the same path as the bulb and the battery +// The switch and the bulb have to be in the same path + +1 the : +2 switch : +3 has : +4 to : +5 be : +6 contained : +7 in : +8 the : +9 same : +10 path : +11 as : +12 the : +13 bulb : +14 and : +15 the : +16 battery : + + +1 The : +2 switch : +3 and : +4 the : +5 bulb : +6 have : +7 to : +8 be : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // in the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // has to be contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER have to be +1 2 12 13 14 15 16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 4 // the switch the bulb and the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The switch and the bulb +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// there is a gap in terminal 1 +// Terminals 1 and 2 are in the same electrical state + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 terminal : +7 1 : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 2 : +5 are : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 electrical : +10 state : + + +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SPE1 // 4 // in terminal 1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 2 +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // REL // 2 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same electrical state +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 3 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// The battery uses the chemical reation to create voltage +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 the : +5 chemical : +6 reation : +7 to : +8 create : +9 voltage : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // uses ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // SIMI // 2 // to create ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the chemical reation ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // REL // 3 // voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // The battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery + + + + + +// a batter uses a chemical reaction to create voltage +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 a : +2 batter : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 create : +9 voltage : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // uses ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // SIMI // 2 // to create ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // REL // 3 // voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // a chemical reaction ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // a batter ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals + + + + + +// the battery alone is in a closed path +// The battery is contained in a path which does not contain any other components + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 alone : +4 is : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 path : +8 which : +9 does : +10 not : +11 contain : +12 any : +13 other : +14 components : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a path +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // alone ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER does not contain any other components +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER which + + + + + +// Because there is a gap in the circuit. +// there is a gap in the circuit + +1 Because : +2 there : +3 is : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 in : +7 the : +8 circuit. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 the : +7 circuit : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in the circuit. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the circuit +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// Bulbs A and B are not within the same path as bulb C. +// Bulb C is in a separate path + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 are : +6 not : +7 within : +8 the : +9 same : +10 path : +11 as : +12 bulb : +13 C. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 separate : +7 path : + + +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // within the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a separate path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // OPPO // 4 // are not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Bulbs A and B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb C. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb C + + + + + +// because there was two negative connections +// Terminals 1 and 2 are connected + +1 because : +2 there : +3 was : +4 two : +5 negative : +6 connections : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 2 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 2 +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // REL // 2 // two negative connections ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// bulb a is on a closed path with the battery +// there is a path containing A and a different path containing B and C + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 is : +4 on : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 path : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 A : +7 and : +8 a : +9 different : +10 path : +11 containing : +12 B : +13 and : +14 C : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a different path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 3 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER and +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A + + + + + +// the other terminals are connected to the positive terminal. +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 the : +2 other : +3 terminals : +4 are : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 terminal. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to the positive terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 3 // the other terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// The bulb takes away the path. +// there is an open path + +1 The : +2 bulb : +3 takes : +4 away : +5 the : +6 path. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 an : +4 open : +5 path : + + +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // OPPO // 4 // the path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER an open path +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // takes away ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // The bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// There is no gap between the positive terminal and terminal 4 +// Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap + +1 There : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 terminal : +9 and : +10 terminal : +11 4 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 separated : +10 by : +11 the : +12 gap : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // OPPO // 4 // no gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // OPPO // 4 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not separated +5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // between the positive terminal and terminal 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulb a created a gap +// If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path + +1 Bulb : +2 a : +3 created : +4 a : +5 gap : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 neither : +7 B : +8 nor : +9 C : +10 is : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // REL // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // created ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// terminal 6 is connected to the positive terminal of the battery +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 terminal : +2 6 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 terminal : +9 of : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +1 2 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 6 to the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// the bulb is in a closed circuit +// the battery is in an open path + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 circuit : + + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 in : +5 an : +6 open : +7 path : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 4 // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // in a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in an open path + + + + + +// The circuit is not closed around the battery. +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 The : +2 circuit : +3 is : +4 not : +5 closed : +6 around : +7 the : +8 battery. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // around the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // REL // 4 // The circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path + + + + + +// the bulb is not contained in a closed path. +// The battery is contained in a path which does not contain any other components + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 not : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 path : +8 which : +9 does : +10 not : +11 contain : +12 any : +13 other : +14 components : + + +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER which +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 4 // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER any other components +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER does not contain +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // OPPO // 4 // is not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained + + + + + +// There is a gap in the circuit. +// there is a gap in a circuit + +1 There : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 the : +7 circuit. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 a : +7 circuit : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in the circuit. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a circuit +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// Bulb B and bulb C are still on closed paths with the battery. +// bulbs A and B are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 C : +6 are : +7 still : +8 on : +9 closed : +10 paths : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +1 bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SIMI // 4 // Bulb B and bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs A and B +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // on closed paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// Bulb A has a closed pathway +// Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 has : +4 a : +5 closed : +6 pathway : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // SIMI // 4 // has ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was contained +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // a closed pathway ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// bulbs a and c are not in the same closed path as bulb b +// Bulb B is in a separate path + +1 bulbs : +2 a : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 not : +7 in : +8 the : +9 same : +10 closed : +11 path : +12 as : +13 bulb : +14 b : + + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 separate : +7 path : + + +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // in the same closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a separate path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // OPPO // 4 // are not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // bulbs a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb B + + + + + +// Only one terminal is involved in the circuit. +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 Only : +2 one : +3 terminal : +4 is : +5 involved : +6 in : +7 the : +8 circuit. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // REL // 4 // in the circuit. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // OPPO // 4 // is involved ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 3 // Only one terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery + + + + + +// there was closed paths between the battery +// Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 there : +2 was : +3 closed : +4 paths : +5 between : +6 the : +7 battery : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // SIMI // 4 // between the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER contained +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 3 // closed paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// the gap separates the positive battery terminal from terminal 2 +// Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 the : +2 gap : +3 separates : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 battery : +7 terminal : +8 from : +9 terminal : +10 2 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 2 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // separates ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive battery terminal from terminal 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 2 and the positive terminal +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // the gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// bulb a, bulb b, and bulb c are contained in differentclosed paths. +// A and C are in different paths with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a, : +3 bulb : +4 b, : +5 and : +6 bulb : +7 c : +8 are : +9 contained : +10 in : +11 differentclosed : +12 paths. : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 different : +7 paths : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : + + +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in differentclosed paths. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in different paths +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // SPE2 // 3 // bulb a, bulb b, and bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// If any bulb is out, it affects the whole system and everything is blocked from the battery. +// each bulb is in its own path + +1 If : +2 any : +3 bulb : +4 is : +5 out, : +6 it : +7 affects : +8 the : +9 whole : +10 system : +11 and : +12 everything : +13 is : +14 blocked : +15 from : +16 the : +17 battery. : + + +1 each : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 in : +5 its : +6 own : +7 path : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE2 // 3 // any bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER each bulb +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // If ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is blocked ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // everything ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the whole system ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +15 16 17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // from the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // affects ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // OPPO // 4 // out, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in its own path +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// it is not in the same path. +// Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery + +1 it : +2 is : +3 not : +4 in : +5 the : +6 same : +7 path. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // SPE1 // 4 // in the same path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // OPPO // 4 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// There will be a gap in the path +// If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path + +1 There : +2 will : +3 be : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 in : +7 the : +8 path : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 neither : +7 B : +8 nor : +9 C : +10 is : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : + + +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // OPPO // 4 // a gap in the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// Bulb B and C are still contained in a path with the battery +// bulbs B and C are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 contained : +8 in : +9 a : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +1 bulbs : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb B and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs B and C +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // in a path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery + + + + + +// bulbs a and c are still contained in a closed path with the battery. +// Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 bulbs : +2 a : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 still : +7 contained : +8 in : +9 a : +10 closed : +11 path : +12 with : +13 the : +14 battery. : + + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulbs A and C +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths + + + + + +// Terminal one is not connected to the positive battery terminal +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected + +1 Terminal : +2 one : +3 is : +4 not : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 battery : +10 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected : + + +1 2 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal one to the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// bulb A and switch Z are in a closed path +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch Z. + +1 bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 switch : +5 Z : +6 are : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : +13 and : +14 switch : +15 Z. : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 // SPE1 // 3 // bulb A and switch Z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A with the battery and switch Z. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path + + + + + +// Terminal 5 is connected to the postitive battery terminal +// Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 postitive : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 5 to the postitive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 5 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// Terminal 6 is connected to the positive battery terminal +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 6 to the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// the red x means that the circuit is not safe. +// there is a short circuit + +1 the : +2 red : +3 x : +4 means : +5 that : +6 the : +7 circuit : +8 is : +9 not : +10 safe. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 short : +5 circuit : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // REL // 4 // the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a short circuit +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the red x ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // safe. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // means ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// both bulbs B and C are in the same path as bulb A +// If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path + +1 both : +2 bulbs : +3 B : +4 and : +5 C : +6 are : +7 in : +8 the : +9 same : +10 path : +11 as : +12 bulb : +13 A : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 neither : +7 B : +8 nor : +9 C : +10 is : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : + + +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // OPPO // 4 // both ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // SPE1 // 4 // in the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // OPPO // 4 // bulbs B and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C + + + + + +// if the electrical state is non-zero you can find the gap in the circuit +// A non-zero voltage means that there is a gap + +1 if : +2 the : +3 electrical : +4 state : +5 is : +6 non-zero : +7 you : +8 can : +9 find : +10 the : +11 gap : +12 in : +13 the : +14 circuit : + + +1 A : +2 non-zero : +3 voltage : +4 means : +5 that : +6 there : +7 is : +8 a : +9 gap : + + +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // you ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER means +2 3 4 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // REL // 4 // the electrical state non-zero ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A non-zero voltage +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // REL // 3 // can find ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER that +10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // the gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// The battery is contained in a closed circuit and there is nothing in its pathway +// The battery is contained in a closed path which does not contain any other components + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 circuit : +9 and : +10 there : +11 is : +12 nothing : +13 in : +14 its : +15 pathway : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 which : +10 does : +11 not : +12 contain : +13 any : +14 other : +15 components : + + +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // OPPO // 4 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER does not contain +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // EQUI // 5 // in its pathway ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER which +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // REL // 4 // in a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // nothing ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER any other components +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // The battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery + + + + + +// A terminal is not connected to the positive battery terminal. +// Terminals 1 and 4 are connected + +1 A : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 not : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 battery : +10 terminal. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 4 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // OPPO // 4 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SPE2 // 2 // A terminal to the positive battery terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 4 + + + + + +// there is a gap in the circuit +// Terminals 1 and 4 are connected + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 the : +7 circuit : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 4 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // OPPO // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // REL // 3 // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 4 +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// the positive terminal is not seperated by a gap from terminal 5 +// Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 terminal : +4 is : +5 not : +6 seperated : +7 by : +8 a : +9 gap : +10 from : +11 terminal : +12 5 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 separated : +10 by : +11 the : +12 gap : + + +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // is not seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not separated +1 2 3 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive terminal from terminal 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 5 and the positive terminal +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// You can find where there is a gap +// Measuring voltage indicates whether two terminals are separated by a gap. + +1 You : +2 can : +3 find : +4 where : +5 there : +6 is : +7 a : +8 gap : + + +1 Measuring : +2 voltage : +3 indicates : +4 whether : +5 two : +6 terminals : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 a : +11 gap. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER whether +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Measuring +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER voltage +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // can ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER two terminals +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // SPE2 // 2 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // find ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER indicates +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // You ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // where ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// has to do something with a gap +// Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 has : +2 to : +3 do : +4 something : +5 with : +6 a : +7 gap : + + +1 Terminal : +2 2 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // has to do ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // something ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 2 and the positive terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// Because the positive circuit has a voltage of 1.5 volts. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 Because : +2 the : +3 positive : +4 circuit : +5 has : +6 a : +7 voltage : +8 of : +9 1.5 : +10 volts. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // has ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of 1.5 volts. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the positive circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// There is a chemical reaction. +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 There : +2 is : +3 a : +4 chemical : +5 reaction. : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // a chemical reaction. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// when the switch is the in a closed path with the bulb +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 when : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 is : +5 the : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 bulb : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // when ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +2 3 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the switch with the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained + + + + + +// bulb b and c are in a closed path +// B and C are in the same path + +1 bulb : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +1 B : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// There is a difference in electrical states. +// the terminals are not connected + +1 There : +2 is : +3 a : +4 difference : +5 in : +6 electrical : +7 states. : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 not : +5 connected : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in electrical states. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals + + + + + +// the bulb will not light +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 will : +4 not : +5 light : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no gap +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will not light ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// bulb a and c are contained on the same path with the battery +// A and C are not in the same path with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 contained : +7 on : +8 the : +9 same : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 not : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // on the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // OPPO // 4 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not + + + + + +// The path does not close +// the battery is in an open path + +1 The : +2 path : +3 does : +4 not : +5 close : + + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 in : +5 an : +6 open : +7 path : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // The path does not close ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in an open path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery + + + + + +// The difference between the electrical states is 1.5 volts +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 The : +2 difference : +3 between : +4 the : +5 electrical : +6 states : +7 is : +8 1.5 : +9 volts : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // The difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // REL // 3 // between the electrical states ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // 1.5 volts ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// there is still a closed path +// If bulb A burns out, bulbs B and C are still in a closed path + +1 there : +2 is : +3 still : +4 a : +5 closed : +6 path : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 bulbs : +7 B : +8 and : +9 C : +10 are : +11 still : +12 in : +13 a : +14 closed : +15 path : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // SIMI // 4 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs B and C +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A + + + + + +// a gap causes a lost connection +// A non-zero voltage means that the terminals are not connected. + +1 a : +2 gap : +3 causes : +4 a : +5 lost : +6 connection : + + +1 A : +2 non-zero : +3 voltage : +4 means : +5 that : +6 the : +7 terminals : +8 are : +9 not : +10 connected. : + + +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // a lost connection ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER that +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // causes ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // REL // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A non-zero voltage +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER means + + + + + +// the positive terminal and terminal 6 are connected +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 terminal : +4 and : +5 terminal : +6 6 : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive terminal and terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// the positive terminal is connected to terminal 6 +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 terminal : +4 is : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 terminal : +8 6 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 3 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive terminal to terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// Because there is no gap at terminal 1 +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 Because : +2 there : +3 is : +4 no : +5 gap : +6 at : +7 terminal : +8 1 : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // at terminal 1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is no gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// terminal 6 is conncted to the positive terminal +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 terminal : +2 6 : +3 is : +4 conncted : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +1 2 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 6 to the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is conncted ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// When the switch is in the same papth as the bulb. +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 is : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 papth : +9 as : +10 the : +11 bulb. : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +2 3 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the switch the bulb. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // When ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // in the same papth ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained + + + + + +// Bulbs A and C are in separate paths. +// A and C are in different paths + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 in : +7 separate : +8 paths. : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 different : +7 paths : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // Bulbs A and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in separate paths. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in different paths + + + + + +// bulb a and bulb b are still in a closed path with the battery. +// bulbs A and B are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 b : +6 are : +7 still : +8 in : +9 a : +10 closed : +11 path : +12 with : +13 the : +14 battery. : + + +1 bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a and bulb b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs A and B +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// The positive battery terminal was not separted by a gap from terminal 6 +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap + +1 The : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 was : +6 not : +7 separted : +8 by : +9 a : +10 gap : +11 from : +12 terminal : +13 6 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 separated : +10 by : +11 the : +12 gap : + + +1 2 3 4 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // The positive battery terminal from terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SIMI // 4 // was not separted ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not separated + + + + + +// A GAP WIL BE CREATED +// If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path + +1 A : +2 GAP : +3 WIL : +4 BE : +5 CREATED : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 neither : +7 B : +8 nor : +9 C : +10 is : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // WIL BE CREATED ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // A GAP ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If + + + + + +// bulb a and c are contained in different paths with the battery +// A and C are in different paths with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 contained : +7 in : +8 different : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 different : +7 paths : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : + + +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in different paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in different paths +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C + + + + + +// The positive terminal is connected to terminal 4. +// Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 The : +2 positive : +3 terminal : +4 is : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 terminal : +8 4. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 3 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // The positive terminal to terminal 4. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// not contained inthe same path +// If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. + +1 not : +2 contained : +3 inthe : +4 same : +5 path : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out, : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // SPE1 // 4 // inthe same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // OPPO // 4 // not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// bulb c does not create a gap in the path for bulb b and a +// If C is damaged, A and B are still in a closed path + +1 bulb : +2 c : +3 does : +4 not : +5 create : +6 a : +7 gap : +8 in : +9 the : +10 path : +11 for : +12 bulb : +13 b : +14 and : +15 a : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 is : +4 damaged, : +5 A : +6 and : +7 B : +8 are : +9 still : +10 in : +11 a : +12 closed : +13 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 13 // OPPO // 4 // a gap in the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // does not create ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +11 12 13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 4 // for bulb b and a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER damaged, + + + + + +// becuase the other terminals are connected to the positive battery terminal +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 becuase : +2 the : +3 other : +4 terminals : +5 are : +6 connected : +7 to : +8 the : +9 positive : +10 battery : +11 terminal : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 2 // the other terminals to the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 to the positive battery terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // becuase ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// because terminal one and the positive battery terminal are on a closed path +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 because : +2 terminal : +3 one : +4 and : +5 the : +6 positive : +7 battery : +8 terminal : +9 are : +10 on : +11 a : +12 closed : +13 path : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 // SIMI // 4 // terminal one and the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 to the negative battery terminal +9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // SIMI // 4 // are on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Battery will always have voltage. +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 Battery : +2 will : +3 always : +4 have : +5 voltage. : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // have ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // REL // 4 // voltage. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // always ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// the terminals are not connected +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 not : +5 connected : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 3 // the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // are not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// the positive battery terminal is connected to terminal 6 +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 is : +6 connected : +7 to : +8 terminal : +9 6 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +1 2 3 4 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive battery terminal to terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// bulb a was on a closed path +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery. + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 was : +4 on : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 path : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // SIMI // 4 // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained + + + + + +// Because terminal 4 is connected to the negative terminal +// Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal are in the same electrical state + +1 Because : +2 terminal : +3 4 : +4 is : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 negative : +9 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 battery : +7 terminal : +8 are : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 electrical : +13 state : + + +2 3 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // SIMI // 4 // terminal 4 to the negative terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 13 // REL // 3 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are in the same electrical state +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// bulb c is in its own pathway +// Bulb C is in a separate path + +1 bulb : +2 c : +3 is : +4 in : +5 its : +6 own : +7 pathway : + + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 separate : +7 path : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb C +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 3 // in its own pathway ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a separate path + + + + + +// the voltage is nearest the burnt out bulb +// Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a damaged bulb. + +1 the : +2 voltage : +3 is : +4 nearest : +5 the : +6 burnt : +7 out : +8 bulb : + + +1 Measuring : +2 voltage : +3 indicates : +4 the : +5 place : +6 where : +7 the : +8 electrical : +9 state : +10 changes : +11 due : +12 to : +13 a : +14 damaged : +15 bulb. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER indicates +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Measuring +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 15 // SPE1 // 3 // nearest the burnt out bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a damaged bulb. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER due to +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // the voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER voltage +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the electrical state +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the place +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER where +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER changes + + + + + +// You needed both a battery and a blub with the same path, and the path must be closed +// there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery + +1 You : +2 needed : +3 both : +4 a : +5 battery : +6 and : +7 a : +8 blub : +9 with : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path, : +13 and : +14 the : +15 path : +16 must : +17 be : +18 closed : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 closed : +5 path : +6 containing : +7 both : +8 the : +9 bulb : +10 and : +11 a : +12 battery : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // You ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +16 17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // must be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // EQUI // 5 // both ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // SPE1 // 4 // with the same path, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // needed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // a battery and a blub ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb and a battery +9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // with the same path, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +14 15 18 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // the path closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a closed path + + + + + +// Because the battery runs in a closed circuit. +// there is an incomplete circuit + +1 Because : +2 the : +3 battery : +4 runs : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 circuit. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 an : +4 incomplete : +5 circuit : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // runs ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // SIMI // 3 // in a closed circuit. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER an incomplete circuit + + + + + +// If bulb B is damaged, then the circut is no longer closed. +// there is no closed path + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 B : +4 is : +5 damaged, : +6 then : +7 the : +8 circut : +9 is : +10 no : +11 longer : +12 closed. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 closed : +5 path : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // damaged, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // closed. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // bulb B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // If ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // then ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // no longer ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // REL // 2 // the circut ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// terminal 1, terminal 2, and terminal 3 are connected o the negative battery +// Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 terminal : +2 1, : +3 terminal : +4 2, : +5 and : +6 terminal : +7 3 : +8 are : +9 connected : +10 o : +11 the : +12 negative : +13 battery : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1, : +3 2 : +4 and : +5 3 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 negative : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1, terminal 2, and terminal 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1, 2 and 3 +10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // o the negative battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// "Because it didn""t cause a gap." +// each bulb is in its own path + +1 "Because : +2 it : +3 didn""t : +4 cause : +5 a : +6 gap." : + + +1 each : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 in : +5 its : +6 own : +7 path : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // didn""t cause ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in its own path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a gap." ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER each bulb +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // "Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// because there is a gap between terminal 1 and terminal 6. +// There is a gap between terminals 1 and 6 + +1 because : +2 there : +3 is : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 between : +7 terminal : +8 1 : +9 and : +10 terminal : +11 6. : + + +1 There : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 terminals : +7 1 : +8 and : +9 6 : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER There +6 7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // between terminal 1 and terminal 6. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between terminals 1 and 6 + + + + + +// because bulbs b and c are on a closed path with the battery +// Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 because : +2 bulbs : +3 b : +4 and : +5 c : +6 are : +7 on : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 Bulb : +5 C : +6 were : +7 still : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 closed : +13 path : +14 with : +15 the : +16 battery. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb B and Bulb C +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 // SPE2 // 4 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 8 // SIMI // 4 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER were contained + + + + + +// The switch determines whether the path is open or closed. +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 The : +2 switch : +3 determines : +4 whether : +5 the : +6 path : +7 is : +8 open : +9 or : +10 closed. : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // SIMI // 2 // determines ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // The switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SPE2 // 4 // the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // whether ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // open or closed. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb + + + + + +// the positive battery terminal is separated by a gap from terminal 4 +// Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal are in the same electrical state + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 is : +6 separated : +7 by : +8 a : +9 gap : +10 from : +11 terminal : +12 4 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 battery : +7 terminal : +8 are : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 electrical : +13 state : + + +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 // REL // 3 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same electrical state +1 2 3 4 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // the positive battery terminal from terminal 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 // REL // 2 // is separated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// an incomplete circuit would not effect the the electrical state between the terminals. +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 an : +2 incomplete : +3 circuit : +4 would : +5 not : +6 effect : +7 the : +8 the : +9 electrical : +10 state : +11 between : +12 the : +13 terminals. : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // between the terminals. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // REL // 3 // an incomplete circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // SIMI // 2 // would not effect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // SPE1 // 4 // the the electrical state ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states + + + + + +// terminals 4, 5, and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 terminals : +2 4, : +3 5, : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +8 9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // terminals 4, 5, and 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// The path it was on +// there is a path containing both Z and C + +1 The : +2 path : +3 it : +4 was : +5 on : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 both : +7 Z : +8 and : +9 C : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // The path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // on ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Z and C + + + + + +// If the bulb is on the same closed path +// The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path + +1 If : +2 the : +3 bulb : +4 is : +5 on : +6 the : +7 same : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +1 The : +2 damaged : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 the : +6 other : +7 bulb : +8 must : +9 be : +10 contained : +11 in : +12 the : +13 same : +14 path : + + +5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // SPE1 // 3 // on the same closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 3 // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The damaged bulb and the other bulb +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // If ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // SIMI // 3 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER must be contained + + + + + +// bulb a was still contained in a closed path with the battery. +// Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER contained + + + + + +// If one bulb is removed, the others stop working +// A and C are in the same closed path + +1 If : +2 one : +3 bulb : +4 is : +5 removed, : +6 the : +7 others : +8 stop : +9 working : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // SPE2 // 2 // one bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the others ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is removed, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // stop ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // working ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // If ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// because all the terminals are connected to other terminals, an open switch disrupts that. +// the open switch creates a gap + +1 because : +2 all : +3 the : +4 terminals : +5 are : +6 connected : +7 to : +8 other : +9 terminals, : +10 an : +11 open : +12 switch : +13 disrupts : +14 that. : + + +1 the : +2 open : +3 switch : +4 creates : +5 a : +6 gap : + + +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // an open switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the open switch +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // all the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to other terminals, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 3 // disrupts that. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER creates a gap +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// There is a gap between the two bulb terminals +// the terminals are separated by a gap + +1 There : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 two : +8 bulb : +9 terminals : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 separated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : + + +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // is a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated by a gap +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 2 // between the two bulb terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals + + + + + +// a short circuit has occured +// there is a short circuit + +1 a : +2 short : +3 circuit : +4 has : +5 occured : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 short : +5 circuit : + + +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // SIMI // 4 // has occured ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // a short circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a short circuit +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// there will be a gap at bulb b, thus affecting the rest of the circuit +// bulb B creates a gap + +1 there : +2 will : +3 be : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 at : +7 bulb : +8 b, : +9 thus : +10 affecting : +11 the : +12 rest : +13 of : +14 the : +15 circuit : + + +1 bulb : +2 B : +3 creates : +4 a : +5 gap : + + +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // thus ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 2 // will be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER creates +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // at bulb b, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb B +11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the rest ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // affecting ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// terminal 3 and the positie terminal are not connected. +// Terminal 3 and the positive terminal are not connected + +1 terminal : +2 3 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positie : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 3 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected : + + +1 2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 3 and the positie terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 3 and the positive terminal +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // are not connected. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// The positive battery terminal was not seperated by a gap from terminal 4. +// Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap + +1 The : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 was : +6 not : +7 seperated : +8 by : +9 a : +10 gap : +11 from : +12 terminal : +13 4. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 separated : +10 by : +11 the : +12 gap : + + +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 2 3 4 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // The positive battery terminal from terminal 4. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive terminal +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SIMI // 4 // was not seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not separated + + + + + +// Terminal 1 is connected to the negative terminal. +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 terminal. : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // to the negative terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 + + + + + +// A terminal is not connected to the positive battery terminal. +// Terminals 1 and 2 are connected + +1 A : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 not : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 battery : +10 terminal. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 2 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +1 2 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SIMI // 2 // A terminal to the positive battery terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 2 +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // OPPO // 4 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// the positive terminal and terminal 2 are seperated by a gap +// Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 terminal : +4 and : +5 terminal : +6 2 : +7 are : +8 seperated : +9 by : +10 a : +11 gap : + + +1 Terminal : +2 2 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +1 2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive terminal and terminal 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 2 and the positive terminal +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// there is not gap between the terminals +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 there : +2 is : +3 not : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 // SPE2 // 3 // between the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 to the negative battery terminal +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is not gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected + + + + + +// there is a gap between teh positive battery terminal and terminal 4. +// Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal are in the same electrical state + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 teh : +7 positive : +8 battery : +9 terminal : +10 and : +11 terminal : +12 4. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 battery : +7 terminal : +8 are : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 electrical : +13 state : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 // REL // 3 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same electrical state +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // between teh positive battery terminal and terminal 4. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive battery terminal + + + + + +// The positive battery was not connected to terminal one. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected + +1 The : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 was : +5 not : +6 connected : +7 to : +8 terminal : +9 one. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected : + + +1 2 3 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // The positive battery to terminal one. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SIMI // 4 // was not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// Bulbs A and B will still be contained in a closed path to the battery. +// bulbs A and B are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 will : +6 still : +7 be : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 a : +11 closed : +12 path : +13 to : +14 the : +15 battery. : + + +1 bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Bulbs A and B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs A and B +13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +5 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 4 // will be contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths + + + + + +// the two components are seperated. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 the : +2 two : +3 components : +4 are : +5 seperated. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 2 // the two components ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are seperated. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// because terminal 1 is directly connected to terminal 4 +// Terminals 1 and 4 are connected + +1 because : +2 terminal : +3 1 : +4 is : +5 directly : +6 connected : +7 to : +8 terminal : +9 4 : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 4 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // directly ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +2 3 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 to terminal 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 4 + + + + + +// the positive battery terminal and terminal 4 are connected +// Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 and : +6 terminal : +7 4 : +8 are : +9 connected : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive battery terminal and terminal 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive terminal +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// Terminal 1 and terminal 2 are on the same side. +// Terminals 1 and 2 are connected + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 terminal : +5 2 : +6 are : +7 on : +8 the : +9 same : +10 side. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 2 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 1 and terminal 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 2 +6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // REL // 3 // are on the same side. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// not connected to positive battery +// Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are not connected + +1 not : +2 connected : +3 to : +4 positive : +5 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 2 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE1 // 3 // to positive battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 2 and the positive terminal +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// The battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain the voltage, +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 the : +10 voltage, : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // to maintain ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // a chemical reaction ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // REL // 4 // the voltage, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // The battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // uses ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses + + + + + +// Because the bulb does not have a closed path. +// The bulb is not in the closed path containing the battery + +1 Because : +2 the : +3 bulb : +4 does : +5 not : +6 have : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path. : + + +1 The : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 not : +5 in : +6 the : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 containing : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // SIMI // 4 // does not have ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The bulb +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the closed path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery + + + + + +// there is a difference in electrical states +// the terminals are separated by a gap + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 difference : +5 in : +6 electrical : +7 states : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 separated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in electrical states ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// terminal is connected to postive terminal of the battery +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 terminal : +2 is : +3 connected : +4 to : +5 postive : +6 terminal : +7 of : +8 the : +9 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 4 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 3 // terminal to postive terminal of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// Terminal 1 is seperated from the positive terminal +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 seperated : +5 from : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +1 2 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 1 from the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// Battery is not contained i a closed path. +// The battery in 4 is not in a closed path + +1 Battery : +2 is : +3 not : +4 contained : +5 i : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 4 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // is not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // i a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 4 + + + + + +// terminal 1 was connected to the positive battery terminal +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 was : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 2 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 to the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // OPPO // 4 // was connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// There are 2 paths in this diagram +// there is a path containing A and a different path containing B and C + +1 There : +2 are : +3 2 : +4 paths : +5 in : +6 this : +7 diagram : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 A : +7 and : +8 a : +9 different : +10 path : +11 containing : +12 B : +13 and : +14 C : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // SPE2 // 2 // 2 paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER and +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a different path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in this diagram ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Because the switch was connected to the closed circuit +// there is no path containing both switch Y and bulb A + +1 Because : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 was : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 closed : +9 circuit : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 both : +7 switch : +8 Y : +9 and : +10 bulb : +11 A : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 11 // SPE1 // 2 // the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER switch Y and bulb A +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // was connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // SPE1 // 2 // the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // REL // 2 // to the closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// damaged bulb creates a gap. +// a damaged bulb creates a gap + +1 damaged : +2 bulb : +3 creates : +4 a : +5 gap. : + + +1 a : +2 damaged : +3 bulb : +4 creates : +5 a : +6 gap : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // creates ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER creates +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // a gap. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // damaged bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a damaged bulb + + + + + +// that the battery connection does not work +// there is a short circuit + +1 that : +2 the : +3 battery : +4 connection : +5 does : +6 not : +7 work : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 short : +5 circuit : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // REL // 3 // the battery connection does not work ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a short circuit +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// because the terminals are not connected +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 because : +2 the : +3 terminals : +4 are : +5 not : +6 connected : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // are not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses + + + + + +// Terminal 5 is connected to teh positive battery terminal +// Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 teh : +7 positive : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +1 2 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 5 to teh positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 5 and the positive terminal +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// terminal 1 was connected to the positive terminal +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 was : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // OPPO // 4 // was connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +1 2 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 to the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// there is a gap between terminal one and two and the positive battery terminal +// Terminals 1 and 2 are in the same electrical state + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 terminal : +7 one : +8 and : +9 two : +10 and : +11 the : +12 positive : +13 battery : +14 terminal : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 2 : +5 are : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 electrical : +10 state : + + +5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SPE2 // 3 // between terminal one and two and the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 2 +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // REL // 2 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same electrical state +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// bulbs b and c are contained on the same path with the battery +// B and C are in the same path with the battery + +1 bulbs : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 contained : +7 on : +8 the : +9 same : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +1 B : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // on the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// because there is no closed path to the battery +// the path is not closed + +1 because : +2 there : +3 is : +4 no : +5 closed : +6 path : +7 to : +8 the : +9 battery : + + +1 the : +2 path : +3 is : +4 not : +5 closed : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // is no closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the path is not closed +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// terminal 1 is not connected to the positive battery terminal +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 not : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 battery : +10 terminal : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected : + + +1 2 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 to the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// the battery is not in a closed bath alone +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 not : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 bath : +9 alone : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // alone ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed bath ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path + + + + + +// terminal 5 is connected to postive terminal of the battery +// Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 terminal : +2 5 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 postive : +7 terminal : +8 of : +9 the : +10 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 5 to postive terminal of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 5 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// if x and z are closed then it will create a closed path +// there is a path containing A, C, Z and X + +1 if : +2 x : +3 and : +4 z : +5 are : +6 closed : +7 then : +8 it : +9 will : +10 create : +11 a : +12 closed : +13 path : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 A, : +7 C, : +8 Z : +9 and : +10 X : + + +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // are closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE1 // 2 // x and z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A, C, Z and X +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // then ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will create ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// positive terminal is serperated from terminal 2 +// Terminal 2 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 positive : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 serperated : +5 from : +6 terminal : +7 2 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 2 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 2 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // positive terminal from terminal 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 2 and the positive terminal +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is serperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// the battery is not closed the bulb is. +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 not : +5 closed : +6 the : +7 bulb : +8 is. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // REL // 3 // is not closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery + + + + + +// there is not a gap in the connection +// the terminals are not separated by a gap + +1 there : +2 is : +3 not : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 in : +7 the : +8 connection : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 not : +5 separated : +6 by : +7 a : +8 gap : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // SIMI // 4 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not separated +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in the connection ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// if a bulb is in a closed circuit with a battery and a switch the switch will affect the bulb. +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 if : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 is : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 circuit : +9 with : +10 a : +11 battery : +12 and : +13 a : +14 switch : +15 the : +16 switch : +17 will : +18 affect : +19 the : +20 bulb. : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +17 18 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +19 20 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the bulb. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // SIMI // 3 // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +2 3 9 10 11 12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 3 // a bulb with a battery and a switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +15 16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // REL // 4 // in a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// bulbs b and c were contained in a closed path with the battery. +// Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 bulbs : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 were : +6 contained : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 Bulb : +5 C : +6 were : +7 still : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 closed : +13 path : +14 with : +15 the : +16 battery. : + + +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 8 // EQUI // 5 // were contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER were contained +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb B and Bulb C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// Because neither components are in closed paths. +// Circuit 4 has no closed paths + +1 Because : +2 neither : +3 components : +4 are : +5 in : +6 closed : +7 paths. : + + +1 Circuit : +2 4 : +3 has : +4 no : +5 closed : +6 paths : + + +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 2 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER has +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // OPPO // 4 // in closed paths. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no closed paths +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 3 // neither components ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Circuit 4 + + + + + +// you can see where the gap is +// Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. + +1 you : +2 can : +3 see : +4 where : +5 the : +6 gap : +7 is : + + +1 Measuring : +2 voltage : +3 indicates : +4 the : +5 place : +6 where : +7 the : +8 electrical : +9 state : +10 changes : +11 due : +12 to : +13 a : +14 gap. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the electrical state +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER indicates +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER voltage +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER due to +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // the gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER changes +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // you ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // can ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the place +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Measuring +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // where ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER where +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // see ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// if there is a gap in the circuit there the bulb will not light up. +// A non-zero voltage means that the terminals are not connected. + +1 if : +2 there : +3 is : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 in : +7 the : +8 circuit : +9 there : +10 the : +11 bulb : +12 will : +13 not : +14 light : +15 up. : + + +1 A : +2 non-zero : +3 voltage : +4 means : +5 that : +6 the : +7 terminals : +8 are : +9 not : +10 connected. : + + +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER that +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // REL // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A non-zero voltage +12 13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will not light up. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER means +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals + + + + + +// Bulb A and Bulb B and the battery are in a closed path. +// If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery. + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 Bulb : +5 B : +6 and : +7 the : +8 battery : +9 are : +10 in : +11 a : +12 closed : +13 path. : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out, : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : +15 with : +16 the : +17 battery. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 15 16 17 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and Bulb B and the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B with the battery. +10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If + + + + + +// That there is a gap +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 That : +2 there : +3 is : +4 a : +5 gap : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // OPPO // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no gap +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // That ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// if the switch and bulb are contained in the same path, the switch will affect the bulb. +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 if : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 bulb : +6 are : +7 contained : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path, : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 will : +15 affect : +16 the : +17 bulb. : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +16 17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the bulb. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // in the same path, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // SIMI // 3 // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the switch and bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb + + + + + +// Voltage is the difference between a positive and negative end on a battery. +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 Voltage : +2 is : +3 the : +4 difference : +5 between : +6 a : +7 positive : +8 and : +9 negative : +10 end : +11 on : +12 a : +13 battery. : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 2 // Voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // SPE2 // 2 // between a positive and negative end on a battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// the path passes the energy through the switch +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 the : +2 path : +3 passes : +4 the : +5 energy : +6 through : +7 the : +8 switch : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // passes ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // through the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SPE2 // 4 // the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // REL // 2 // the energy ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If + + + + + +// that the bulb terminal and battery terminal are on the same side of a disconnected circut +// The terminals are in the same state. + +1 that : +2 the : +3 bulb : +4 terminal : +5 and : +6 battery : +7 terminal : +8 are : +9 on : +10 the : +11 same : +12 side : +13 of : +14 a : +15 disconnected : +16 circut : + + +1 The : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 in : +5 the : +6 same : +7 state. : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 3 // the bulb terminal and battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The terminals +9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 2 // on the same side of a disconnected circut ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same state. + + + + + +// Because the battery is not in a closed path. +// The battery in 4 is not in a closed path + +1 Because : +2 the : +3 battery : +4 is : +5 not : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 4 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 4 +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// switch x is in the closed path with bulb a +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch X. + +1 switch : +2 x : +3 is : +4 in : +5 the : +6 closed : +7 path : +8 with : +9 bulb : +10 a : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : +13 and : +14 switch : +15 X. : + + +1 2 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 // SPE1 // 3 // switch x with bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A with the battery and switch X. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // in the closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained + + + + + +// There was a closed circuit +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery. + +1 There : +2 was : +3 a : +4 closed : +5 circuit : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // REL // 4 // a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER contained + + + + + +// "because switch z is in bulb c""s closed path" +// there is a path containing both Z and C + +1 "because : +2 switch : +3 z : +4 is : +5 in : +6 bulb : +7 c""s : +8 closed : +9 path" : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 both : +7 Z : +8 and : +9 C : + + +2 3 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // switch z in bulb c""s ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // closed path" ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 3 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +2 3 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // switch z in bulb c""s ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Z and C +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // "because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// Bulb A was still in a closed path +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch X. + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : +13 and : +14 switch : +15 X. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 13 14 15 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery and switch X. +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // SIMI // 4 // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// Because there is a gap due to a damaged bulb. +// Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap + +1 Because : +2 there : +3 is : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 due : +7 to : +8 a : +9 damaged : +10 bulb. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1, : +3 2 : +4 and : +5 3 : +6 are : +7 separated : +8 from : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : +13 by : +14 a : +15 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER from the positive battery terminal +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // due to ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1, 2 and 3 +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a damaged bulb. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulb A was still in a closed path with the battery +// Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // EQUI // 5 // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was contained +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. + + + + + +// The battery and light bulb are not contained in a close path +// The battery in 4 is not in a closed path + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 and : +4 light : +5 bulb : +6 are : +7 not : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 a : +11 close : +12 path : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 4 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 4 +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE2 // 3 // The battery and light bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // in a close path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // are not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not + + + + + +// and the circut is closed +// A and C are in the same closed path + +1 and : +2 the : +3 circut : +4 is : +5 closed : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // REL // 4 // the circut ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C + + + + + +// "becuase bulb C is on it""s own pathway." +// Bulb C is in a separate path + +1 "becuase : +2 bulb : +3 C : +4 is : +5 on : +6 it""s : +7 own : +8 pathway." : + + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 separate : +7 path : + + +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // on it""s own pathway." ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a separate path +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb C +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // "becuase ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// if bulb A burns out then bulbs B and C will no longer be in a closed path. +// If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path + +1 if : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out : +6 then : +7 bulbs : +8 B : +9 and : +10 C : +11 will : +12 no : +13 longer : +14 be : +15 in : +16 a : +17 closed : +18 path. : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 neither : +7 B : +8 nor : +9 C : +10 is : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +15 16 17 18 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs B and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // burns out ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // then ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +11 12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // SPE1 // 4 // will no longer be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// Terminal 1 is not connected to the positive terminal. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are not connected + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 not : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 terminal. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 connected : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected +1 2 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 1 to the positive terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// because the battery is not in a closed circuit +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 because : +2 the : +3 battery : +4 is : +5 not : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 circuit : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // REL // 4 // in a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery + + + + + +// the terminal it is connected to is not working +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 the : +2 terminal : +3 it : +4 is : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 is : +8 not : +9 working : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 4 // the terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not working ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 // REL // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is no gap +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 4 // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// There must be a closed path and a battery. +// there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery + +1 There : +2 must : +3 be : +4 a : +5 closed : +6 path : +7 and : +8 a : +9 battery. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 closed : +5 path : +6 containing : +7 both : +8 the : +9 bulb : +10 and : +11 a : +12 battery : + + +4 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 // SPE1 // 3 // a closed path and a battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // SIMI // 4 // must be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// terminal is connected to terminal 6 +// Terminals 1 and 6 are not connected + +1 terminal : +2 is : +3 connected : +4 to : +5 terminal : +6 6 : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 6 : +5 are : +6 not : +7 connected : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // OPPO // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected +1 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SPE2 // 4 // terminal to terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 6 + + + + + +// because bulb a is in a closed circuit with the battery and switch x +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch X. + +1 because : +2 bulb : +3 a : +4 is : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 circuit : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : +12 and : +13 switch : +14 x : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : +13 and : +14 switch : +15 X. : + + +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +9 10 11 12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery and switch x ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery and switch X. +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // REL // 4 // in a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// If the path is not closed, the switch will not affect the bbulb +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 If : +2 the : +3 path : +4 is : +5 not : +6 closed, : +7 the : +8 switch : +9 will : +10 not : +11 affect : +12 the : +13 bbulb : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // If ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // the bbulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SPE2 // 4 // the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // OPPO // 4 // will not affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // closed, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// bulb b and c are on a closed path to the battery +// If bulb A burns out, bulbs B and C are still in a closed path + +1 bulb : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 on : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 to : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 bulbs : +7 B : +8 and : +9 C : +10 are : +11 still : +12 in : +13 a : +14 closed : +15 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // bulb b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs B and C +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, + + + + + +// since a a gap does not affect the voltage of a battery +// Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap + +1 since : +2 a : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 does : +6 not : +7 affect : +8 the : +9 voltage : +10 of : +11 a : +12 battery : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1, : +3 2 : +4 and : +5 3 : +6 are : +7 separated : +8 from : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : +13 by : +14 a : +15 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1, 2 and 3 +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // a a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // does not affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +8 9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // REL // 3 // the voltage of a battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER from the positive battery terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // since ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Because there is a light bulb +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 Because : +2 there : +3 is : +4 a : +5 light : +6 bulb : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 3 // a light bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 + + + + + +// the bulb will be burned out because the terminals +// The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 will : +4 be : +5 burned : +6 out : +7 because : +8 the : +9 terminals : + + +1 The : +2 damaged : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 the : +6 other : +7 bulb : +8 must : +9 be : +10 contained : +11 in : +12 the : +13 same : +14 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER must be contained +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will be burned out ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 3 // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The damaged bulb and the other bulb +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Because the positive batter terminal and terminal 6 were connected. +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 Because : +2 the : +3 positive : +4 batter : +5 terminal : +6 and : +7 terminal : +8 6 : +9 were : +10 connected. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive batter terminal and terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // SIMI // 4 // were connected. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// because the the circuit is complete. +// the path is not closed + +1 because : +2 the : +3 the : +4 circuit : +5 is : +6 complete. : + + +1 the : +2 path : +3 is : +4 not : +5 closed : + + +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 4 // the the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // REL // 3 // is complete. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not closed +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulbs B and C will still be on closed paths with the battery +// bulbs B and C are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 Bulbs : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 will : +6 still : +7 be : +8 on : +9 closed : +10 paths : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +1 bulbs : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // on closed paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 4 // will be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Bulbs B and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs B and C + + + + + +// the bulb is contained in an closed circuit +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 an : +7 closed : +8 circuit : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE1 // 3 // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SPE2 // 4 // in an closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // EQUI // 5 // is contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// THE ARE ON THE SAME PATH +// A and C are in the same path + +1 THE : +2 ARE : +3 ON : +4 THE : +5 SAME : +6 PATH : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // THE ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // ARE ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // ON THE SAME PATH ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// Bulb a and switch Y are not in the same path. +// Switch Y and bulb A are not in the same closed path + +1 Bulb : +2 a : +3 and : +4 switch : +5 Y : +6 are : +7 not : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path. : + + +1 Switch : +2 Y : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 A : +6 are : +7 not : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 closed : +12 path : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb a and switch Y ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Switch Y and bulb A +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // in the same path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// A chemical reaction inside the battery makes the electrical states of the positive and negative terminals different at all times. +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 A : +2 chemical : +3 reaction : +4 inside : +5 the : +6 battery : +7 makes : +8 the : +9 electrical : +10 states : +11 of : +12 the : +13 positive : +14 and : +15 negative : +16 terminals : +17 different : +18 at : +19 all : +20 times. : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +8 9 10 17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // the electrical states different ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +11 12 13 14 15 16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // SPE1 // 3 // of the positive and negative terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // inside the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // makes ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // A chemical reaction ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +18 19 20 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // at all times. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// becasue the terminals 4,5, and 6 are connected to the positive terminal of the battery +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 becasue : +2 the : +3 terminals : +4 4,5, : +5 and : +6 6 : +7 are : +8 connected : +9 to : +10 the : +11 positive : +12 terminal : +13 of : +14 the : +15 battery : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // the terminals 4,5, and 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // becasue ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to the positive terminal of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal + + + + + +// switch Y does not effect bulb A +// Switch Y and bulb A are not in the same closed path + +1 switch : +2 Y : +3 does : +4 not : +5 effect : +6 bulb : +7 A : + + +1 Switch : +2 Y : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 A : +6 are : +7 not : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 closed : +12 path : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // SIMI // 2 // does not effect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not +1 2 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // switch Y bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Switch Y and bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// bulb c creates a gap +// If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery. + +1 bulb : +2 c : +3 creates : +4 a : +5 gap : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out, : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : +15 with : +16 the : +17 battery. : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // creates ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 17 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // REL // 3 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path + + + + + +// Bulb C and the battery are not contained in a closed pathway +// Bulb C was no longer in a closed path with the battery + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 and : +4 the : +5 battery : +6 are : +7 not : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 a : +11 closed : +12 pathway : + + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 was : +4 no : +5 longer : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 4 // are not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was no longer +9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed pathway ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb C and the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb C with the battery + + + + + +// the two terminals will both be 0 +// The terminals are in the same state. + +1 the : +2 two : +3 terminals : +4 will : +5 both : +6 be : +7 0 : + + +1 The : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 in : +5 the : +6 same : +7 state. : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 4 // both ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The terminals +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 4 // the two terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The terminals +4 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 4 // will be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 3 // 0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same state. + + + + + +// bulb b is not in the same path with bulbs a and c. +// Bulb B is in a separate path + +1 bulb : +2 b : +3 is : +4 not : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : +9 with : +10 bulbs : +11 a : +12 and : +13 c. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 separate : +7 path : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // OPPO // 4 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // with bulbs a and c. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // in the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a separate path +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb B + + + + + +// The electrical state is interferred with. +// A non-zero voltage means that the terminals are not connected. + +1 The : +2 electrical : +3 state : +4 is : +5 interferred : +6 with. : + + +1 A : +2 non-zero : +3 voltage : +4 means : +5 that : +6 the : +7 terminals : +8 are : +9 not : +10 connected. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // with. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER means +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER that +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is interferred ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // REL // 3 // The electrical state ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A non-zero voltage + + + + + +// Because the battery and the bulb are not in a closed path. +// The battery in 4 is not in a closed path + +1 Because : +2 the : +3 battery : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 not : +9 in : +10 a : +11 closed : +12 path. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 4 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE2 // 3 // the battery and the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 4 +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // are not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not + + + + + +// "because by measuring voltage, you find the gap where there""s a difference in electrical states." +// Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. + +1 "because : +2 by : +3 measuring : +4 voltage, : +5 you : +6 find : +7 the : +8 gap : +9 where : +10 there""s : +11 a : +12 difference : +13 in : +14 electrical : +15 states." : + + +1 Measuring : +2 voltage : +3 indicates : +4 the : +5 place : +6 where : +7 the : +8 electrical : +9 state : +10 changes : +11 due : +12 to : +13 a : +14 gap. : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // by measuring ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Measuring +13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE2 // 4 // in electrical states." ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the electrical state +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // the gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER due to a gap. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the place +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // you ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // SIMI // 3 // there""s a difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER changes +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // where ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER where +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // "because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 3 // find ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER indicates +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // voltage, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER voltage + + + + + +// again, bulbs a and b will be contained on a closed path +// If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. + +1 again, : +2 bulbs : +3 a : +4 and : +5 b : +6 will : +7 be : +8 contained : +9 on : +10 a : +11 closed : +12 path : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out, : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path. : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // again, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // will be contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // SPE1 // 4 // bulbs a and b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B + + + + + +// bulbs b and c are contiained in the the same path with the battery. +// A and C are not in the same path with the battery + +1 bulbs : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 contiained : +7 in : +8 the : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 with : +13 the : +14 battery. : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 not : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // in the the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // OPPO // 4 // are contiained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C + + + + + +// There is a gap in the path. +// Terminals 1 and 2 are in the same electrical state + +1 There : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 the : +7 path. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 2 : +5 are : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 electrical : +10 state : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // REL // 2 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same electrical state +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // REL // 2 // in the path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 2 +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// bulb a is in a closed path with a battery +// Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 path : +8 with : +9 a : +10 battery : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with a battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path + + + + + +// Bulb A and bulb C affect each other. +// A and C are in the same closed path + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 C : +6 affect : +7 each : +8 other. : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // each other. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // SIMI // 2 // affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// switch z is contained in a closed path +// there is a path containing both Z and C + +1 switch : +2 z : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 both : +7 Z : +8 and : +9 C : + + +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // is contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 3 // switch z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Z and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // SPE1 // 3 // switch z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both + + + + + +// the bulb terminal and the negative battery terminal are separated by a gap +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 terminal : +4 and : +5 the : +6 negative : +7 battery : +8 terminal : +9 are : +10 separated : +11 by : +12 a : +13 gap : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 3 // the bulb terminal and the negative battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // OPPO // 4 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no gap +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // are separated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulb A and C are still in a closed path with the battery. +// Bulbs A and C are still contained in closed paths with the battery + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 contained : +8 in : +9 closed : +10 paths : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 7 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulbs A and C +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // SPE1 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths + + + + + +// if switch and bulb are contained in the same closed path +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 if : +2 switch : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 are : +6 contained : +7 in : +8 the : +9 same : +10 closed : +11 path : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // switch and bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // in the same closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // SIMI // 3 // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When + + + + + +// there is a gap between the positive battery connection and the bulb terminal. +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 battery : +9 connection : +10 and : +11 the : +12 bulb : +13 terminal. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 3 // between the positive battery connection and the bulb terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // OPPO // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no gap +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// Bulb A is not on the same path that Bulb B and bulb C are. +// there is a path containing A and a different path containing B and C + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 not : +5 on : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : +9 that : +10 Bulb : +11 B : +12 and : +13 bulb : +14 C : +15 are. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 A : +7 and : +8 a : +9 different : +10 path : +11 containing : +12 B : +13 and : +14 C : + + +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // SIMI // 4 // on the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a different path +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // SIMI // 4 // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a different path +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // REL // 3 // on the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A +15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // SIMI // 4 // are. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER and +10 11 12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb B and bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 2 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// it runs on a different current +// If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery. + +1 it : +2 runs : +3 on : +4 a : +5 different : +6 current : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out, : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : +15 with : +16 the : +17 battery. : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 17 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // REL // 4 // on a different current ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // runs ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If + + + + + +// terminal 6 is connected to the difference +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 terminal : +2 6 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 difference : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to the difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 3 // terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// the batteries terminals are not connected +// Circuit 4 has no closed paths + +1 the : +2 batteries : +3 terminals : +4 are : +5 not : +6 connected : + + +1 Circuit : +2 4 : +3 has : +4 no : +5 closed : +6 paths : + + +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 4 // the batteries terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Circuit 4 +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 6 // REL // 4 // are not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER has no closed paths + + + + + +// because if there is a voltage that means there is a gap +// Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. + +1 because : +2 if : +3 there : +4 is : +5 a : +6 voltage : +7 that : +8 means : +9 there : +10 is : +11 a : +12 gap : + + +1 Measuring : +2 voltage : +3 indicates : +4 the : +5 place : +6 where : +7 the : +8 electrical : +9 state : +10 changes : +11 due : +12 to : +13 a : +14 gap. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Measuring +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the place +11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER changes +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // a voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER voltage +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the electrical state +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 4 // means ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER indicates +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER due to +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER where + + + + + +// Find where there are different electrical states +// Measuring voltage indicates the place where the electrical state changes due to a gap. + +1 Find : +2 where : +3 there : +4 are : +5 different : +6 electrical : +7 states : + + +1 Measuring : +2 voltage : +3 indicates : +4 the : +5 place : +6 where : +7 the : +8 electrical : +9 state : +10 changes : +11 due : +12 to : +13 a : +14 gap. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER due to a gap. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER voltage +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the place +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // SIMI // 4 // different electrical states ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the electrical state changes +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // REL // 2 // Find ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER indicates +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Measuring +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // where ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER where + + + + + +// circuit 2 is connected to the battery +// there is no closed path containing the battery + +1 circuit : +2 2 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 battery : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 closed : +5 path : +6 containing : +7 the : +8 battery : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // to the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // REL // 3 // circuit 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no closed path + + + + + +// the gap in the circuit causes the circuit to be an open circuit +// there is a gap in a circuit + +1 the : +2 gap : +3 in : +4 the : +5 circuit : +6 causes : +7 the : +8 circuit : +9 to : +10 be : +11 an : +12 open : +13 circuit : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 a : +7 circuit : + + +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // an open circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // causes ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a circuit +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // the gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap + + + + + +// there is a gap in the circuit +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 the : +7 circuit : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // REL // 3 // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// the path has to be closed for the bulb to light up +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 the : +2 path : +3 has : +4 to : +5 be : +6 closed : +7 for : +8 the : +9 bulb : +10 to : +11 light : +12 up : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to light up ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SPE2 // 4 // the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // has to be closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // for the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb + + + + + +// There is no gap so there is no difference in voltage +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 There : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 so : +6 there : +7 is : +8 no : +9 difference : +10 in : +11 voltage : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // in voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // no gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no gap +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // so ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // no difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// Voltage is the difference between a positive and negative end on the battery. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 Voltage : +2 is : +3 the : +4 difference : +5 between : +6 a : +7 positive : +8 and : +9 negative : +10 end : +11 on : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SIMI // 2 // between a positive and negative end on the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// bulb had a short circuit +// there is a complete circuit + +1 bulb : +2 had : +3 a : +4 short : +5 circuit : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 complete : +5 circuit : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // OPPO // 4 // a short circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a complete circuit +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // had ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// Bulb A and bulb C are in a closed path with the battery. +// Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 C : +6 are : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 Bulb : +5 C : +6 were : +7 still : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 closed : +13 path : +14 with : +15 the : +16 battery. : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb B and Bulb C +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // SPE2 // 4 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER were still contained +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// Terminals 4, 5, and 6 are only connected to the positive battery terminal. +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5, : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 only : +8 connected : +9 to : +10 the : +11 positive : +12 battery : +13 terminal. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +6 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // Terminals 4, 5, and 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // only ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to the positive battery terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal + + + + + +// a terminal is connected to the positive battery terminal +// the terminals are not connected + +1 a : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 not : +5 connected : + + +1 2 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 3 // a terminal to the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // OPPO // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// because the terminals are in the same state +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 because : +2 the : +3 terminals : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 state : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in the same state ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 // SPE2 // 3 // the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 to the negative battery terminal +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // SIMI // 2 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected + + + + + +// "because switch y isn""t included in bulb A""s closed path" +// Switch Y and bulb A are not in the same closed path + +1 "because : +2 switch : +3 y : +4 isn""t : +5 included : +6 in : +7 bulb : +8 A""s : +9 closed : +10 path" : + + +1 Switch : +2 Y : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 A : +6 are : +7 not : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 closed : +12 path : + + +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // isn""t included ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // "because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // switch y in bulb A""s ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Switch Y and bulb A +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // closed path" ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// the negative battery terminal is seperated by a gap from terminal 6 +// terminal 6 is separated by a gap from the negative battery terminal + +1 the : +2 negative : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 is : +6 seperated : +7 by : +8 a : +9 gap : +10 from : +11 terminal : +12 6 : + + +1 terminal : +2 6 : +3 is : +4 separated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : +8 from : +9 the : +10 negative : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // the negative battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER from the negative battery terminal +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is separated +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // from terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 6 + + + + + +// that the bulb terminal is only connected to one of the battery terminals +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 that : +2 the : +3 bulb : +4 terminal : +5 is : +6 only : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 one : +10 of : +11 the : +12 battery : +13 terminals : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +2 3 4 8 9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 3 // the bulb terminal to one of the battery terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // only ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 // REL // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is no gap + + + + + +// there was a negavtive gap +// terminal 4 is separated by a gap from the negative battery terminal + +1 there : +2 was : +3 a : +4 negavtive : +5 gap : + + +1 terminal : +2 4 : +3 is : +4 separated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : +8 from : +9 the : +10 negative : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 4 +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER from the negative battery terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is separated +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 4 // a negavtive gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap + + + + + +// terminal is connected to postive end of battery +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 terminal : +2 is : +3 connected : +4 to : +5 postive : +6 end : +7 of : +8 battery : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE1 // 2 // terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to postive end of battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal + + + + + +// terminal 1 is connected to the 1.5 volt battery. +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 1.5 : +8 volt : +9 battery. : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected +5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // REL // 4 // to the 1.5 volt battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 + + + + + +// The path must be closed +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 The : +2 path : +3 must : +4 be : +5 closed : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // must be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SPE2 // 4 // The path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects + + + + + +// Bulbs B and C are contained on the same path with the battery. +// B and C are in the same path with the battery + +1 Bulbs : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 contained : +7 on : +8 the : +9 same : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +1 B : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // on the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // Bulbs B and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C + + + + + +// a terminal is connected to the positive terminal of the battery +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 a : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 terminal : +9 of : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 4 // a terminal to the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// because a and b are in series and a and c are in parallel +// If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. + +1 because : +2 a : +3 and : +4 b : +5 are : +6 in : +7 series : +8 and : +9 a : +10 and : +11 c : +12 are : +13 in : +14 parallel : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out, : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path. : + + +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // REL // 3 // in parallel ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // REL // 3 // in series ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path. +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // a and b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // SPE2 // 3 // a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C + + + + + +// a terminal is connected to the positive terminal of the battery +// Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 a : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 positive : +8 terminal : +9 of : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 4 // a terminal to the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 5 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// the bulb is not contained in the path +// The bulb is not in the closed path containing the battery + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 not : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 path : + + +1 The : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 not : +5 in : +6 the : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 containing : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The bulb +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery + + + + + +// because positive charge is before gap +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 because : +2 positive : +3 charge : +4 is : +5 before : +6 gap : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // REL // 3 // positive charge ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // before ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Because it is not on the same path +// If bulb A burns out, bulbs B and C are still in a closed path + +1 Because : +2 it : +3 is : +4 not : +5 on : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 bulbs : +7 B : +8 and : +9 C : +10 are : +11 still : +12 in : +13 a : +14 closed : +15 path : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 15 // SPE1 // 4 // on the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs B and C +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // OPPO // 4 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// Seperate paths connected to the battery +// If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery + +1 Seperate : +2 paths : +3 connected : +4 to : +5 the : +6 battery : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 B : +7 and : +8 C : +9 are : +10 no : +11 longer : +12 in : +13 a : +14 closed : +15 path : +16 with : +17 the : +18 battery : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no longer +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 15 // REL // 4 // Seperate paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 16 17 18 // EQUI // 5 // to the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If + + + + + +// A red X means the battery is in a short circuit. +// there is a short circuit + +1 A : +2 red : +3 X : +4 means : +5 the : +6 battery : +7 is : +8 in : +9 a : +10 short : +11 circuit. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 short : +5 circuit : + + +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // means ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // A red X ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // in a short circuit. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a short circuit + + + + + +// The battery is not closed in a closed path. +// Circuit 4 has no closed paths + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 not : +5 closed : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path. : + + +1 Circuit : +2 4 : +3 has : +4 no : +5 closed : +6 paths : + + +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // REL // 4 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no closed paths +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // REL // 3 // The battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Circuit 4 +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER has + + + + + +// terminal is connected to the battery +// Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 terminal : +2 is : +3 connected : +4 to : +5 the : +6 battery : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1, : +3 2 : +4 and : +5 3 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 negative : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 4 // to the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE1 // 2 // terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1, 2 and 3 + + + + + +// Bulb A and Bulb C are not contained in the same closed path +// A and C are not in the same path + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 Bulb : +5 C : +6 are : +7 not : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 closed : +13 path : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 not : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 path : + + +9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // in the same closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and Bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // are not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not + + + + + +// bulbs A and C are not on the same closed path. +// A and C are not in the same path + +1 bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 not : +7 on : +8 the : +9 same : +10 closed : +11 path. : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 not : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 path : + + +7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // on the same closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // are not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs A and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C + + + + + +// bulb, battery, and switch are in closed path +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 bulb, : +2 battery, : +3 and : +4 switch : +5 are : +6 in : +7 closed : +8 path : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 3 // bulb, battery, and switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 4 // in closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// the paths of the circuit are no longer complete +// there is an incomplete circuit + +1 the : +2 paths : +3 of : +4 the : +5 circuit : +6 are : +7 no : +8 longer : +9 complete : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 an : +4 incomplete : +5 circuit : + + +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // OPPO // 4 // are no longer ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 2 3 4 5 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // REL // 4 // the paths of the circuit complete ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER an incomplete circuit + + + + + +// there is no closed path in circuit 4. +// Circuit 4 has no closed paths + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 closed : +5 path : +6 in : +7 circuit : +8 4. : + + +1 Circuit : +2 4 : +3 has : +4 no : +5 closed : +6 paths : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 3 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER has +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // SPE1 // 4 // no closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no closed paths +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // in circuit 4. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Circuit 4 +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// The battery keeps a chemical reaction reaction. +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 keeps : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 reaction. : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // a chemical reaction reaction. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 4 // keeps ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // The battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states + + + + + +// There is always a difference in voltage between two battery terminals. +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 There : +2 is : +3 always : +4 a : +5 difference : +6 in : +7 voltage : +8 between : +9 two : +10 battery : +11 terminals. : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // SPE1 // 3 // between two battery terminals. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // SIMI // 3 // a difference in voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // always ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // There ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery + + + + + +// terminal 1is connected to terminal 4 +// Terminals 1 and 4 are connected + +1 terminal : +2 1is : +3 connected : +4 to : +5 terminal : +6 4 : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 4 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +1 2 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1is to terminal 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 4 +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// Bulb A and B will still be in a contained path. +// If C burns out, then A and B are still in a closed path. + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 will : +6 still : +7 be : +8 in : +9 a : +10 contained : +11 path. : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out, : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // SIMI // 4 // will be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // in a contained path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path. + + + + + +// bulb a is in a closed circuit with the battery without the y switch. +// Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 circuit : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : +11 without : +12 the : +13 y : +14 switch. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // REL // 4 // in a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +11 12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // without the y switch. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// different paths with the battery +// B and C are in the same path with the battery + +1 different : +2 paths : +3 with : +4 the : +5 battery : + + +1 B : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // REL // 4 // different paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery + + + + + +// "The electrical state at the terminal matches the battery""s electrical state" +// terminal 1 is connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 "The : +2 electrical : +3 state : +4 at : +5 the : +6 terminal : +7 matches : +8 the : +9 battery""s : +10 electrical : +11 state" : + + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // matches ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE2 // 4 // at the terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER terminal 1 +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is connected +10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // electrical state" ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // "The electrical state ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the battery""s ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Circuit 2 is not a short circuit because the battery is not in a closed path with itself. +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 Circuit : +2 2 : +3 is : +4 not : +5 a : +6 short : +7 circuit : +8 because : +9 the : +10 battery : +11 is : +12 not : +13 in : +14 a : +15 closed : +16 path : +17 with : +18 itself. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 14 15 16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a short circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Circuit 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +17 18 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // with itself. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulb A is on a closed circut path +// Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 on : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 circut : +8 path : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // SIMI // 4 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was contained +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // on a closed circut path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A + + + + + +// Bulb B and bulb C are contained in different paths with the battery +// B and C are in the same path with the battery + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 C : +6 are : +7 contained : +8 in : +9 different : +10 paths : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +1 B : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb B and bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // REL // 4 // in different paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery + + + + + +// the battery always has a voltage because there is a positive terminal and there is a negative terminal. +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 always : +4 has : +5 a : +6 voltage : +7 because : +8 there : +9 is : +10 a : +11 positive : +12 terminal : +13 and : +14 there : +15 is : +16 a : +17 negative : +18 terminal. : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +10 11 12 16 17 18 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // SPE1 // 3 // a positive terminal a negative terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // always ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // REL // 3 // a voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 2 // has ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// gap between 3 and positive battery +// Terminal 3 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 gap : +2 between : +3 3 : +4 and : +5 positive : +6 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 3 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // between 3 and positive battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 3 and the positive terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// because bulbs A and C are contained in different paths with the battery +// A and C are in different paths with the battery + +1 because : +2 bulbs : +3 A : +4 and : +5 C : +6 are : +7 contained : +8 in : +9 different : +10 paths : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 different : +7 paths : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs A and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in different paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in different paths +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// because of the gap at bulb b +// Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap + +1 because : +2 of : +3 the : +4 gap : +5 at : +6 bulb : +7 b : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1, : +3 2 : +4 and : +5 3 : +6 are : +7 separated : +8 from : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : +13 by : +14 a : +15 gap : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // because of the gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // at bulb b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1, 2 and 3 +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER from the positive battery terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// because bulb c was in an open path +// Bulb C was not in a closed path + +1 because : +2 bulb : +3 c : +4 was : +5 in : +6 an : +7 open : +8 path : + + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 was : +4 not : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : + + +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // OPPO // 4 // in an open path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb C +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // OPPO // 4 // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was not + + + + + +// It is not a closed path. +// the path is not closed + +1 It : +2 is : +3 not : +4 a : +5 closed : +6 path. : + + +1 the : +2 path : +3 is : +4 not : +5 closed : + + + + + + + +// because switch y is not conatined in the closed path of bulb a and the battery. +// Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery + +1 because : +2 switch : +3 y : +4 is : +5 not : +6 conatined : +7 in : +8 the : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 of : +12 bulb : +13 a : +14 and : +15 the : +16 battery. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in the closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // switch y ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not conatined ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 12 13 14 15 16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // of bulb a and the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A with the battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// A terminal is not connected to the negative battery terminal. +// Terminals 1 and 6 are not connected + +1 A : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 not : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 negative : +9 battery : +10 terminal. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 6 : +5 are : +6 not : +7 connected : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected +1 2 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SPE2 // 2 // A terminal to the negative battery terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 6 + + + + + +// bulb B and C both still are on a closed path with the battery +// bulbs B and C are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 both : +6 still : +7 are : +8 on : +9 a : +10 closed : +11 path : +12 with : +13 the : +14 battery : + + +1 bulbs : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // bulb B and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs B and C +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // both ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulbs B and C +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths + + + + + +// terminal 1 and terminal 6 are seperated by a gap +// Terminals 1 and 6 are separated by the gap + +1 terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 terminal : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 seperated : +8 by : +9 a : +10 gap : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 6 : +5 are : +6 separated : +7 by : +8 the : +9 gap : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 and terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 6 +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // are seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// because the battery is in a closed path. +// the battery is contained in a closed path in which there is no bulb + +1 because : +2 the : +3 battery : +4 is : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path. : + + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 in : +10 which : +11 there : +12 is : +13 no : +14 bulb : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in which +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no bulb +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// complete path including a battery and a bulb +// there is a closed path containing both the bulb and a battery + +1 complete : +2 path : +3 including : +4 a : +5 battery : +6 and : +7 a : +8 bulb : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 closed : +5 path : +6 containing : +7 both : +8 the : +9 bulb : +10 and : +11 a : +12 battery : + + +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // a battery and a bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb and a battery +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // including ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // complete path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // EQUI // 5 // a battery and a bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// bulbs b and c creat a gap in the path +// Bulb B is in a separate path + +1 bulbs : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 creat : +6 a : +7 gap : +8 in : +9 the : +10 path : + + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 separate : +7 path : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // creat ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE2 // 3 // bulbs b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // in the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a separate path + + + + + +// the positive battery terminal and terminal 5 are connected +// Terminal 5 and the positive terminal are connected + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 and : +6 terminal : +7 5 : +8 are : +9 connected : + + +1 Terminal : +2 5 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 connected : + + +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive battery terminal and terminal 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 5 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// the the bulb terminal disconnected from the battery terminal +// the terminals are not connected + +1 the : +2 the : +3 bulb : +4 terminal : +5 disconnected : +6 from : +7 the : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 not : +5 connected : + + +1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 4 // the the bulb terminal from the battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // disconnected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// the battery is contained in the circuit and the light bulb is not +// the battery is contained in a path in which there is no bulb + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 the : +7 circuit : +8 and : +9 the : +10 light : +11 bulb : +12 is : +13 not : + + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 path : +8 in : +9 which : +10 there : +11 is : +12 no : +13 bulb : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // OPPO // 4 // the light bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no bulb +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a path +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 // REL // 4 // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in which +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // OPPO // 4 // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// because the two ends of the battery do not connect to one another +// the battery is in an open path + +1 because : +2 the : +3 two : +4 ends : +5 of : +6 the : +7 battery : +8 do : +9 not : +10 connect : +11 to : +12 one : +13 another : + + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 in : +5 an : +6 open : +7 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // do not connect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in an open path +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to one another ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the two ends ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// When a switch is open the circuit is no longer complete +// there is an incomplete circuit + +1 When : +2 a : +3 switch : +4 is : +5 open : +6 the : +7 circuit : +8 is : +9 no : +10 longer : +11 complete : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 an : +4 incomplete : +5 circuit : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // open ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // the circuit is no longer complete ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER an incomplete circuit +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // When ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// if both bulbs are contained within a closed path +// The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path + +1 if : +2 both : +3 bulbs : +4 are : +5 contained : +6 within : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +1 The : +2 damaged : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 the : +6 other : +7 bulb : +8 must : +9 be : +10 contained : +11 in : +12 the : +13 same : +14 path : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // SPE2 // 3 // both bulbs ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The damaged bulb and the other bulb +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // SIMI // 4 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER must be contained +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // SPE2 // 4 // within a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// The bulb is in a closed circuit and the battery exists in that circuit +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 The : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 circuit : +8 and : +9 the : +10 battery : +11 exists : +12 in : +13 that : +14 circuit : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // REL // 4 // in that circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // REL // 4 // in a closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // The bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // REL // 3 // exists ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// the closed path is connected to the light bulb +// Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 the : +2 closed : +3 path : +4 is : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 light : +9 bulb : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE2 // 4 // to the light bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // SIMI // 3 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was contained +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // the closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// the electrical states between the terminals is the same, resulting in 0 +// The terminals are in the same state. + +1 the : +2 electrical : +3 states : +4 between : +5 the : +6 terminals : +7 is : +8 the : +9 same, : +10 resulting : +11 in : +12 0 : + + +1 The : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 in : +5 the : +6 same : +7 state. : + + +1 2 3 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // the electrical states the same, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same state. +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // resulting ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in 0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // between the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The terminals + + + + + +// bulb b and bulb c are contained within a closed path +// B and C are in the same path with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 b : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 c : +6 are : +7 contained : +8 within : +9 a : +10 closed : +11 path : + + +1 B : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb b and bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // SPE2 // 4 // within a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// circuit 5 is in a closed path. +// the battery is contained in a closed path in which there is no bulb + +1 circuit : +2 5 : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 path. : + + +1 the : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 in : +10 which : +11 there : +12 is : +13 no : +14 bulb : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // circuit 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in which +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no bulb + + + + + +// terminal 6 is connected to terminal 1 +// Terminals 1 and 6 are separated by the gap + +1 terminal : +2 6 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 terminal : +7 1 : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 6 : +5 are : +6 separated : +7 by : +8 the : +9 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // OPPO // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +1 2 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 6 to terminal 1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 6 + + + + + +// If bulb B is damaged there is a gap in the circuit +// there is a gap in a circuit + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 B : +4 is : +5 damaged : +6 there : +7 is : +8 a : +9 gap : +10 in : +11 the : +12 circuit : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 gap : +5 in : +6 a : +7 circuit : + + +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in the circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a circuit +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // bulb B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is damaged ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // If ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a gap + + + + + +// bulb a is in a complete circuit with the battery when switch z is closed. +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch Z. + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 complete : +7 circuit : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : +11 when : +12 switch : +13 z : +14 is : +15 closed. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : +13 and : +14 switch : +15 Z. : + + +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // when ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // REL // 4 // in a complete circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is closed. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +8 9 10 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 13 14 15 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery switch z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery and switch Z. +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A + + + + + +// bulb a is on a closed path with the battery +// Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 is : +4 on : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 path : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path + + + + + +// because those terminals are connected to the positive terminal of the battery. +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 because : +2 those : +3 terminals : +4 are : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 terminal : +10 of : +11 the : +12 battery. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 2 // those terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to the positive terminal of the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// Not contained in a closed path +// Bulb C was not in a closed path + +1 Not : +2 contained : +3 in : +4 a : +5 closed : +6 path : + + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 was : +4 not : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb C +3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Not contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was not + + + + + +// terminal connected to positive charge +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 terminal : +2 connected : +3 to : +4 positive : +5 charge : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // REL // 4 // to positive charge ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 2 // terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// because voltage measures the difference between two points +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 because : +2 voltage : +3 measures : +4 the : +5 difference : +6 between : +7 two : +8 points : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // measures ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +4 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the difference between two points ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulbs a and c are in separate paths. +// A, B and C are in different paths + +1 Bulbs : +2 a : +3 and : +4 c : +5 are : +6 in : +7 separate : +8 paths. : + + +1 A, : +2 B : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 in : +7 different : +8 paths : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SPE1 // 3 // Bulbs a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A, B and C +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in separate paths. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in different paths + + + + + +// terminal 6 is connected to postive terminal of battery +// Terminals 1 and 6 are not connected + +1 terminal : +2 6 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 postive : +7 terminal : +8 of : +9 battery : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 6 : +5 are : +6 not : +7 connected : + + +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // SIMI // 2 // terminal 6 to postive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 6 +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // OPPO // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// a terminal is connected to the negative battery terminal +// the terminals are not connected + +1 a : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 the : +7 negative : +8 battery : +9 terminal : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 not : +5 connected : + + +1 2 5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 3 // a terminal to the negative battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // OPPO // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected + + + + + +// Switch Z is in the same path as bulb A +// Bulb A is still contained in a closed path with the battery and switch Z. + +1 Switch : +2 Z : +3 is : +4 in : +5 the : +6 same : +7 path : +8 as : +9 bulb : +10 A : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : +13 and : +14 switch : +15 Z. : + + +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // in the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 13 14 15 // SPE1 // 3 // Switch Z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery and switch Z. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still + + + + + +// there will be a gap +// If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path + +1 there : +2 will : +3 be : +4 a : +5 gap : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 neither : +7 B : +8 nor : +9 C : +10 is : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // REL // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A + + + + + +// because each bulb has its own complete path +// each bulb is in its own path + +1 because : +2 each : +3 bulb : +4 has : +5 its : +6 own : +7 complete : +8 path : + + +1 each : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 in : +5 its : +6 own : +7 path : + + +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // each bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER each bulb +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // its own complete path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in its own path +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // SIMI // 4 // has ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// bulbs b and c have separate paths within the closed circuit +// If bulb A burns out, B and C are no longer in a closed path with the battery + +1 bulbs : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 have : +6 separate : +7 paths : +8 within : +9 the : +10 closed : +11 circuit : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 B : +7 and : +8 C : +9 are : +10 no : +11 longer : +12 in : +13 a : +14 closed : +15 path : +16 with : +17 the : +18 battery : + + +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // have ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 15 // REL // 4 // separate paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 16 17 18 // REL // 3 // within the closed circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER B and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no longer + + + + + +// A terminal is connected to a bulb. +// Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap + +1 A : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 a : +7 bulb. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1, : +3 2 : +4 and : +5 3 : +6 are : +7 separated : +8 from : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : +13 by : +14 a : +15 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 15 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 2 // A terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1, 2 and 3 +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER from the positive battery terminal +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // OPPO // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to a bulb. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// the positive battery terminal has no gaps from terminal 4 +// Terminal 4 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 has : +6 no : +7 gaps : +8 from : +9 terminal : +10 4 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 4 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 separated : +10 by : +11 the : +12 gap : + + +1 2 3 4 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the positive battery terminal from terminal 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 4 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// when a switch and bulb are whithin a closed path +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 when : +2 a : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 bulb : +6 are : +7 whithin : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // a switch and bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // when ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 4 // whithin a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// because the path is short +// the path is not closed + +1 because : +2 the : +3 path : +4 is : +5 short : + + +1 the : +2 path : +3 is : +4 not : +5 closed : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not closed +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // short ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the path + + + + + +// Bulb A will no longer be completing the circuts. +// If bulb A burns out, neither B nor C is in a closed path + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 will : +4 no : +5 longer : +6 be : +7 completing : +8 the : +9 circuts. : + + +1 If : +2 bulb : +3 A : +4 burns : +5 out, : +6 neither : +7 B : +8 nor : +9 C : +10 is : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : + + +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out, +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER neither B nor C +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // be completing ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // REL // 4 // the circuts. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // no longer ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulb C will create a gap in the path +// each bulb is in its own path + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 will : +4 create : +5 a : +6 gap : +7 in : +8 the : +9 path : + + +1 each : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 in : +5 its : +6 own : +7 path : + + +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 3 // Bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER each bulb +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will create ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // SPE2 // 4 // in the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in its own path + + + + + +// bulb a was contained on a closed path with the battery +// Bulb A was still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 was : +4 contained : +5 on : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 was : +4 still : +5 contained : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 closed : +10 path : +11 with : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 5 // EQUI // 5 // was contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER was contained +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A + + + + + +// Terminal 1 is connected to terminl 4. +// Terminals 1 and 4 are connected + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 terminl : +7 4. : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 4 : +5 are : +6 connected : + + +1 2 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 1 to terminl 4. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1 and 4 +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// Bulbs A and B are not on the same path as Bulb C. +// Bulb C is in a separate path + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 are : +6 not : +7 on : +8 the : +9 same : +10 path : +11 as : +12 Bulb : +13 C. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 C : +3 is : +4 in : +5 a : +6 separate : +7 path : + + +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 4 // on the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a separate path +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb C. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb C +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Bulbs A and B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // OPPO // 4 // are not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Each circuit must have a connection. +// there is a complete circuit + +1 Each : +2 circuit : +3 must : +4 have : +5 a : +6 connection. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 complete : +5 circuit : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 3 // Each circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a complete circuit +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a connection. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // must have ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// A switch contained in a closed path with a bulb and a battery will affect the bulb. +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 A : +2 switch : +3 contained : +4 in : +5 a : +6 closed : +7 path : +8 with : +9 a : +10 bulb : +11 and : +12 a : +13 battery : +14 will : +15 affect : +16 the : +17 bulb. : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +8 9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // SIMI // 3 // with a bulb and a battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch +4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // SIMI // 4 // contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // A switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // SIMI // 4 // will affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +16 17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // the bulb. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb + + + + + +// Voltage is the difference between a positive and negative terminal on the battery. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 Voltage : +2 is : +3 the : +4 difference : +5 between : +6 a : +7 positive : +8 and : +9 negative : +10 terminal : +11 on : +12 the : +13 battery. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the difference ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SIMI // 3 // between a positive and negative terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // on the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// bulbs b and c were in a closed paty with the battery. +// Bulb B and Bulb C were still contained in the same closed path with the battery. + +1 bulbs : +2 b : +3 and : +4 c : +5 were : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 paty : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 B : +3 and : +4 Bulb : +5 C : +6 were : +7 still : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 closed : +13 path : +14 with : +15 the : +16 battery. : + + +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery. +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 // SPE2 // 4 // in a closed paty ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb B and Bulb C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 8 // EQUI // 5 // were ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER were contained + + + + + +// can complete the path by having z be closed +// there is a path containing A, C, Z and X + +1 can : +2 complete : +3 the : +4 path : +5 by : +6 having : +7 z : +8 be : +9 closed : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 A, : +7 C, : +8 Z : +9 and : +10 X : + + +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 // SPE1 // 2 // z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A, C, Z and X +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // complete ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // be closed ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // can ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // by having ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// A switch will affect a bulb it the bulb and the switch are in the path as the battery +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 A : +2 switch : +3 will : +4 affect : +5 a : +6 bulb : +7 it : +8 the : +9 bulb : +10 and : +11 the : +12 switch : +13 are : +14 in : +15 the : +16 path : +17 as : +18 the : +19 battery : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +8 9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the bulb and the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // A switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +14 15 16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 4 // in the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +18 19 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// the positive battery terminal is not connected +// There is no gap between terminal 6 and the positive terminal + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 battery : +4 terminal : +5 is : +6 not : +7 connected : + + +1 There : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 terminal : +7 6 : +8 and : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 terminal : + + +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 // SPE1 // 3 // the positive battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between terminal 6 and the positive terminal +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 // OPPO // 4 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is no gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER There + + + + + +// Bulb A and bulb C are still on a closed path that contains the battery. +// Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths with the battery + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 C : +6 are : +7 still : +8 on : +9 a : +10 closed : +11 path : +12 that : +13 contains : +14 the : +15 battery. : + + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths +13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // contains the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // SPE1 // 4 // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in closed paths +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and bulb C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulbs A and C + + + + + +// Bulbs A and C will still be on their own completed circuts. +// Bulbs A and C are in a closed path + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 will : +6 still : +7 be : +8 on : +9 their : +10 own : +11 completed : +12 circuts. : + + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 in : +7 a : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +8 9 10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // REL // 3 // on their own completed circuts. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 4 // will be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Bulbs A and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulbs A and C + + + + + +// The damaged bulb B has left a gap in the path so the charge can not reach it +// Terminals 1, 2 and 3 are separated from the positive battery terminal by a gap + +1 The : +2 damaged : +3 bulb : +4 B : +5 has : +6 left : +7 a : +8 gap : +9 in : +10 the : +11 path : +12 so : +13 the : +14 charge : +15 can : +16 not : +17 reach : +18 it : + + +1 Terminals : +2 1, : +3 2 : +4 and : +5 3 : +6 are : +7 separated : +8 from : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : +13 by : +14 a : +15 gap : + + +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in the path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +18 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // it ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the charge ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 13 14 15 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // The damaged bulb B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // so ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +15 16 17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // can not reach ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 1, 2 and 3 +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER from the positive battery terminal +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // has left ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// the terminal is separated from the battery terminal +// the terminals are separated by a gap + +1 the : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 separated : +5 from : +6 the : +7 battery : +8 terminal : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 separated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // is separated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap +1 2 5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 3 // the terminal from the battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals + + + + + +// a terminal is connected to another terminal +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 a : +2 terminal : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 another : +7 terminal : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +1 2 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 2 // a terminal to another terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 to the positive battery terminal +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// bulb A is connected to switch Z +// There is no path containing both switch Y and bulb A + +1 bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 connected : +5 to : +6 switch : +7 Z : + + +1 There : +2 is : +3 no : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 both : +7 switch : +8 Y : +9 and : +10 bulb : +11 A : + + +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER There +1 2 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // SIMI // 3 // bulb A to switch Z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 2 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 11 // SIMI // 3 // bulb A to switch Z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER switch Y and bulb A + + + + + +// there is a closed path, with switch z, that contains bulb a and the battery +// there is a path containing A, C, Z and the battery + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 closed : +5 path, : +6 with : +7 switch : +8 z, : +9 that : +10 contains : +11 bulb : +12 a : +13 and : +14 the : +15 battery : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 A, : +7 C, : +8 Z : +9 and : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // a closed path, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // EQUI // 5 // contains ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +6 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 10 11 // SPE1 // 3 // with switch z, bulb a and the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A, C, Z and the battery +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path + + + + + +// Terminal 4, terminal 5, and terminal 6 are connected to the positive terminal +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 Terminal : +2 4, : +3 terminal : +4 5, : +5 and : +6 terminal : +7 6 : +8 are : +9 connected : +10 to : +11 the : +12 positive : +13 terminal : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // to the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // Terminal 4, terminal 5, and terminal 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 + + + + + +// Circuit 2 is not a short circuit because the battery is not connected to itself. +// The battery in 2 is not in a closed path + +1 Circuit : +2 2 : +3 is : +4 not : +5 a : +6 short : +7 circuit : +8 because : +9 the : +10 battery : +11 is : +12 not : +13 connected : +14 to : +15 itself. : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 in : +4 2 : +5 is : +6 not : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 // SPE1 // 3 // is not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is not +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // Circuit 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in 2 +14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to itself. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // REL // 4 // a short circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path + + + + + +// Because terminal 1 is seperated from the positive battery terminal. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 Because : +2 terminal : +3 1 : +4 is : +5 seperated : +6 from : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 battery : +10 terminal. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +2 3 6 7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // terminal 1 from the positive battery terminal. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // is seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// bulb a and bulb c are contained in different paths with the bttery. +// A and C are in different paths with the battery + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 c : +6 are : +7 contained : +8 in : +9 different : +10 paths : +11 with : +12 the : +13 bttery. : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 different : +7 paths : +8 with : +9 the : +10 battery : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a and bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // in different paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in different paths +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // EQUI // 5 // with the bttery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery + + + + + +// because bulb a is in a closed path with the battery. +// Bulb A is still in a closed path with the battery + +1 because : +2 bulb : +3 a : +4 is : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery. : + + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 is : +4 still : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : + + +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +5 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulb A +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// the positive terminal is connected to the bulb +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 the : +2 positive : +3 terminal : +4 is : +5 connected : +6 to : +7 the : +8 bulb : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // OPPO // 4 // is connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE1 // 3 // the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap + + + + + +// because bulb a is in a closed path, and bulb c is in a closed path. +// Bulbs A and C are still in closed paths + +1 because : +2 bulb : +3 a : +4 is : +5 in : +6 a : +7 closed : +8 path, : +9 and : +10 bulb : +11 c : +12 is : +13 in : +14 a : +15 closed : +16 path. : + + +1 Bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 C : +5 are : +6 still : +7 in : +8 closed : +9 paths : + + +2 3 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a and bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Bulbs A and C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// The positive terminal has 1.5 V +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 The : +2 positive : +3 terminal : +4 has : +5 1.5 : +6 V : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE1 // 3 // The positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // has ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // 1.5 V ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// because of the chemical in the battery +// A battery uses a chemical reaction to maintain different electrical states at the terminals + +1 because : +2 of : +3 the : +4 chemical : +5 in : +6 the : +7 battery : + + +1 A : +2 battery : +3 uses : +4 a : +5 chemical : +6 reaction : +7 to : +8 maintain : +9 different : +10 electrical : +11 states : +12 at : +13 the : +14 terminals : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER different electrical states +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // in the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER uses +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER at the terminals +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to maintain +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 // SIMI // 4 // because of the chemical ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a chemical reaction + + + + + +// Both components need to be in closed paths. +// the bulb and the battery are in a closed path + +1 Both : +2 components : +3 need : +4 to : +5 be : +6 in : +7 closed : +8 paths. : + + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 and : +4 the : +5 battery : +6 are : +7 in : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 // SPE2 // 4 // in closed paths. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // SIMI // 4 // need to be ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // SPE2 // 4 // Both components ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb and the battery + + + + + +// bulb a and bulb c are wired in parallel +// A and C are in different paths + +1 bulb : +2 a : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 c : +6 are : +7 wired : +8 in : +9 parallel : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 different : +7 paths : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // bulb a and bulb c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in parallel ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // REL // 3 // are wired ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in different paths +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// Bulb terminals 3 and 4 +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 Bulb : +2 terminals : +3 3 : +4 and : +5 4 : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SIMI // 2 // Bulb terminals 3 and 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated + + + + + +// the other bulb will not light. +// The damaged bulb and the other bulb must be contained in the same path + +1 the : +2 other : +3 bulb : +4 will : +5 not : +6 light. : + + +1 The : +2 damaged : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 the : +6 other : +7 bulb : +8 must : +9 be : +10 contained : +11 in : +12 the : +13 same : +14 path : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 // SPE1 // 3 // the other bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The damaged bulb and the other bulb +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER must be contained +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will not light. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// because there was a gap in the terminals +// there is no path containing both switch Y and bulb A + +1 because : +2 there : +3 was : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 in : +7 the : +8 terminals : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 both : +7 switch : +8 Y : +9 and : +10 bulb : +11 A : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // REL // 4 // in the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 10 11 // REL // 4 // in the terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER switch Y and bulb A +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no path +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there + + + + + +// if the switch is open in a path with the battery and bulb. +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 if : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 is : +5 open : +6 in : +7 a : +8 path : +9 with : +10 the : +11 battery : +12 and : +13 bulb. : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 9 10 11 12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE2 // 3 // the switch with the battery and bulb. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // open ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // SIMI // 3 // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 4 // in a path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained + + + + + +// 4, 5, and 6 are connected to the positive side +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are connected to the positive battery terminal + +1 4, : +2 5, : +3 and : +4 6 : +5 are : +6 connected : +7 to : +8 the : +9 positive : +10 side : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 positive : +11 battery : +12 terminal : + + +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 12 // SPE2 // 4 // to the positive side ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the positive battery terminal +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4, 5, and 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are connected + + + + + +// a voltage reading of 0 volts indicates a gap in the circuit. +// there is no gap between the terminals + +1 a : +2 voltage : +3 reading : +4 of : +5 0 : +6 volts : +7 indicates : +8 a : +9 gap : +10 in : +11 the : +12 circuit. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 no : +4 gap : +5 between : +6 the : +7 terminals : + + +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // in the circuit. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // indicates ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER between the terminals +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of 0 volts ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // OPPO // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER no gap +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // a voltage reading ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// 4 5 and 6 are not connected to negative battery terminal +// Terminals 4, 5 and 6 are not connected to the negative battery terminal + +1 4 : +2 5 : +3 and : +4 6 : +5 are : +6 not : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 negative : +10 battery : +11 terminal : + + +1 Terminals : +2 4, : +3 5 : +4 and : +5 6 : +6 are : +7 not : +8 connected : +9 to : +10 the : +11 negative : +12 battery : +13 terminal : + + +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are not connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not connected +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 // EQUI // 5 // 4 5 and 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminals 4, 5 and 6 +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // to negative battery terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER to the negative battery terminal + + + + + +// bulbs a and b are still contained on a closed path with the battery +// If C burns out then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery + +1 bulbs : +2 a : +3 and : +4 b : +5 are : +6 still : +7 contained : +8 on : +9 a : +10 closed : +11 path : +12 with : +13 the : +14 battery : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : +15 with : +16 the : +17 battery : + + +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs a and b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 17 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If + + + + + +// bulbs a, b, and c are all in the same path. +// A and C are in the same path + +1 bulbs : +2 a, : +3 b, : +4 and : +5 c : +6 are : +7 all : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path. : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 path : + + +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // SPE2 // 3 // bulbs a, b, and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // in the same path. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // SPE2 // 3 // all ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C + + + + + +// a and c are on the same closed path with the battery +// A and C are in the same closed path + +1 a : +2 and : +3 c : +4 are : +5 on : +6 the : +7 same : +8 closed : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // EQUI // 5 // a and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +5 6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // on the same closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path + + + + + +// "if the switch is included in the bulb""s closed path, then the switch being open will affect the bulb" +// If a bulb and a switch are in the same path the switch affects the bulb + +1 "if : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 is : +5 included : +6 in : +7 the : +8 bulb""s : +9 closed : +10 path, : +11 then : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 being : +15 open : +16 will : +17 affect : +18 the : +19 bulb" : + + +1 If : +2 a : +3 bulb : +4 and : +5 a : +6 switch : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : +12 the : +13 switch : +14 affects : +15 the : +16 bulb : + + +15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // open ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // then ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 // EQUI // 5 // is included ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 9 10 11 // SIMI // 4 // closed path, ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +18 19 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 // EQUI // 5 // the bulb" ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the bulb +14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // being ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // "if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +16 17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 14 // SIMI // 4 // will affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER affects +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 // EQUI // 5 // the switch ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch +2 3 6 7 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the switch in the bulb""s ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a bulb and a switch + + + + + +// because the outcome of the bulb will not affect each other +// A and C are not in the same path with the battery + +1 because : +2 the : +3 outcome : +4 of : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 will : +8 not : +9 affect : +10 each : +11 other : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 not : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 path : +10 with : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // will not affect ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // each other ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the outcome ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 9 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// not seperated by a gap +// Terminal 6 and the positive terminal are not separated by the gap + +1 not : +2 seperated : +3 by : +4 a : +5 gap : + + +1 Terminal : +2 6 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 not : +9 separated : +10 by : +11 the : +12 gap : + + +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // not seperated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are not separated +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 6 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// because terminal 1 and the neavtive terminal are seperated. +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 because : +2 terminal : +3 1 : +4 and : +5 the : +6 neavtive : +7 terminal : +8 are : +9 seperated. : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are seperated. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 3 4 5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SIMI // 4 // terminal 1 and the neavtive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal + + + + + +// Because their is a gap between A and C now. +// there is an incomplete circuit + +1 Because : +2 their : +3 is : +4 a : +5 gap : +6 between : +7 A : +8 and : +9 C : +10 now. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 an : +4 incomplete : +5 circuit : + + +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // REL // 4 // a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER an incomplete circuit +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // EQUI // 5 // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // now. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // between A and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // EQUI // 5 // their ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // Because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// Bulb A and bulb b are still contained in closed paths with the battery +// If C burns out then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery + +1 Bulb : +2 A : +3 and : +4 bulb : +5 b : +6 are : +7 still : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 closed : +11 paths : +12 with : +13 the : +14 battery : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : +15 with : +16 the : +17 battery : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // Bulb A and bulb b ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 17 // EQUI // 5 // with the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If +9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // SPE2 // 4 // in closed paths ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +6 8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // EQUI // 5 // are contained ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// B and C are not in the same circuit as A. +// each bulb is in its own path + +1 B : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 not : +6 in : +7 the : +8 same : +9 circuit : +10 as : +11 A. : + + +1 each : +2 bulb : +3 is : +4 in : +5 its : +6 own : +7 path : + + +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // as ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 5 6 7 // REL // 3 // in the same circuit ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in its own path +1 2 3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // SPE1 // 3 // B and C ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER each bulb +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 // OPPO // 4 // are not ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // A. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// there terminals are separated by a gap when the voltage jumps from 0 to 1.5. +// the terminals are separated by a gap + +1 there : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 separated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : +8 when : +9 the : +10 voltage : +11 jumps : +12 from : +13 0 : +14 to : +15 1.5. : + + +1 the : +2 terminals : +3 are : +4 separated : +5 by : +6 a : +7 gap : + + +14 15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // to 1.5. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +12 13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // from 0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // EQUI // 5 // there terminals ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the terminals +3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // EQUI // 5 // are separated ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the voltage ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // jumps ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // when ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // EQUI // 5 // by a gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by a gap + + + + + +// bulbs a b and c are on a closed path +// A and C are in the same closed path + +1 bulbs : +2 a : +3 b : +4 and : +5 c : +6 are : +7 on : +8 a : +9 closed : +10 path : + + +1 A : +2 and : +3 C : +4 are : +5 in : +6 the : +7 same : +8 closed : +9 path : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 // SPE2 // 3 // bulbs a b and c ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and C +7 8 9 10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 8 9 // SPE2 // 4 // on a closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same closed path +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 4 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are + + + + + +// I think the red X means that this is dangerous and should never happen unless something is seriously wrong. +// there is a short circuit + +1 I : +2 think : +3 the : +4 red : +5 X : +6 means : +7 that : +8 this : +9 is : +10 dangerous : +11 and : +12 should : +13 never : +14 happen : +15 unless : +16 something : +17 is : +18 seriously : +19 wrong. : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 short : +5 circuit : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // think ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // means ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +8 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // this ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // I ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // that ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +17 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // should ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // and ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +16 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // something ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +10 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // dangerous ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a short circuit +9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // is ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the red X ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +13 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // never ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // happen ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +15 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // unless ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +18 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // seriously ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +19 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // wrong. ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// because there was no gap from the positive terminal of the battery +// Terminal 1 and the positive terminal are separated by the gap + +1 because : +2 there : +3 was : +4 no : +5 gap : +6 from : +7 the : +8 positive : +9 terminal : +10 of : +11 the : +12 battery : + + +1 Terminal : +2 1 : +3 and : +4 the : +5 positive : +6 terminal : +7 are : +8 separated : +9 by : +10 the : +11 gap : + + +2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // there ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // OPPO // 4 // no gap ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER by the gap +6 7 8 9 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 3 4 5 6 // SPE1 // 3 // from the positive terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Terminal 1 and the positive terminal +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // because ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // SIMI // 2 // was ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are separated +10 11 12 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // of the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- + + + + + +// bulbs A and B are still connected to the closed path containing the battery +// If C burns out then A and B are still in a closed path with the battery + +1 bulbs : +2 A : +3 and : +4 B : +5 are : +6 still : +7 connected : +8 to : +9 the : +10 closed : +11 path : +12 containing : +13 the : +14 battery : + + +1 If : +2 C : +3 burns : +4 out : +5 then : +6 A : +7 and : +8 B : +9 are : +10 still : +11 in : +12 a : +13 closed : +14 path : +15 with : +16 the : +17 battery : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER then +1 2 3 4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // bulbs A and B ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER A and B +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 10 // EQUI // 5 // still ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER still +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER C +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER burns out +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 11 12 13 14 // EQUI // 5 // to the closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a closed path +12 13 14 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 15 16 17 // EQUI // 5 // containing the battery ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER with the battery +5 7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 // SIMI // 4 // are connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER If + + + + + +// if the switch and the bulb are in the same path +// When the switch and the bulb are contained in the same path + +1 if : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 in : +9 the : +10 same : +11 path : + + +1 When : +2 the : +3 switch : +4 and : +5 the : +6 bulb : +7 are : +8 contained : +9 in : +10 the : +11 same : +12 path : + + +1 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // SIMI // 3 // if ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER When +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 // EQUI // 5 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER are contained +2 3 4 5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 3 4 5 6 // EQUI // 5 // the switch and the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER the switch and the bulb +8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 12 // EQUI // 5 // in the same path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in the same path + + + + + +// bulb c and switch z are in the same closed path +// there is a path containing both Z and C + +1 bulb : +2 c : +3 and : +4 switch : +5 z : +6 are : +7 in : +8 the : +9 same : +10 closed : +11 path : + + +1 there : +2 is : +3 a : +4 path : +5 containing : +6 both : +7 Z : +8 and : +9 C : + + +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 6 // EQUI // 5 // bulb c and switch z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER both +1 2 3 4 5 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 7 8 9 // EQUI // 5 // bulb c and switch z ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER Z and C +7 8 9 10 11 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // SPE1 // 4 // in the same closed path ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER a path +6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 // SIMI // 4 // are ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER containing +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER there +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is + + + + + +// the bulb only has one terminal connected +// The battery is contained in a path which does not contain any other components + +1 the : +2 bulb : +3 only : +4 has : +5 one : +6 terminal : +7 connected : + + +1 The : +2 battery : +3 is : +4 contained : +5 in : +6 a : +7 path : +8 which : +9 does : +10 not : +11 contain : +12 any : +13 other : +14 components : + + +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 3 4 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER is contained +3 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // only ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +1 2 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // the bulb ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +7 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // connected ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +5 6 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 0 // NOALI // NIL // one terminal ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER -not aligned- +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 1 2 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER The battery +4 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 9 10 11 // OPPO // 4 // has ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER does not contain +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 8 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER which +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 5 6 7 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER in a path +0 ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER 12 13 14 // NOALI // NIL // -not aligned- ARROWS_PLACEHOLDER any other components + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/test_goldStandard/emergency.py b/test_goldStandard/emergency.py deleted file mode 100644 index a55d8d21..00000000 --- a/test_goldStandard/emergency.py +++ /dev/null @@ -1,5 +0,0 @@ -sentences = ['[both bulbs] [a and c] [still have] [a closed path]', '[terminal 1] and [the positive terminal] are connected.', '[positive battery] is separated by a gap from [terminal 2]', '[There] [is no difference] [between] [the two terminals].', '[the switch] [has to be contained] [in the same path as] [the bulb] [and] [the battery]', '[For every sentence] [there is a gap] [in terminal 1]', '[The battery] [uses] [the chemical reaction] [to create] [voltage]', '[a batter] [uses] [a chemical reaction] [to create] [voltage]', '[The battery] [alone] [is] [in] [a closed path]', '[Because] [there is] [a gap] [in the circuit].', '[Bulbs A] [and B] [are not within] [the same path] [as bulb C].', '[Because] [there was] [two negative connections]', '[bulb a] [is on] [a closed path] [with] [the battery]', '[The other terminals] [are connected] [to the positive terminal].', '[The bulb] [takes away] [the path].', '[There is no gap] [between the positive terminal] [and] [terminal 4]', '[Bulb a] [created] [a gap]', '[terminal 6] [is connected to] [the positive terminal] [of the battery]', '[the bulb] [is] [in] [a closed circuit]', '[The circuit] [is not closed] [around the battery]', '[the bulb] [is not contained] [in a closed path]', '[There is] [a gap] [in the circuit].', '[Bulb B] [and bulb C] [are] [still on closed paths] [with the battery].', '[Bulb A] [has] [a closed pathway]', '[bulbs a and c] [are not] [in the same closed path as] [bulb b]', '[Only one] [terminal] [is involved] [in the] [circuit].', '[there was] [closed paths] [between] [the battery]', '[chunk 1] the gap separates\n[chunk 2] the positive battery terminal\n[chunk 3] from terminal 2', '[bulb a], [bulb b], and [bulb c] are contained in [different closed paths].', '[If any bulb is out], [it affects the whole system], and [everything is blocked from the battery].', '[It] [is] [not] [in] [the] [same] [path].', '[There will be] [a gap] [in the path]', '[Bulb B] [and C] [are still contained] [in a path] [with the battery]', 'bulbs a and c / are still contained / in a closed path / with the battery.', '[Terminal one] [is not connected to] [the positive battery terminal]', '[bulb A] and [switch Z] are in a [closed path]', '[Terminal 5] [is connected to] [the postitive battery terminal]', '[Terminal 6] [is connected to] [the positive battery terminal]', '[The red x] [means] [that the circuit is not safe.]', '[both bulbs B] [and C] [are in the] [same path] [as bulb A]', '[if the electrical state is non-zero] [you can find] [the gap in the circuit]', '[The battery] [is contained] [in a closed circuit]\n[and] [there is] [nothing] [in its pathway]', '[A terminal] [is not connected] [to the positive battery terminal].', '[There is] [a gap] [in the circuit]', '[Chunk 1] the positive terminal\n[Chunk 2] is not separated\n[Chunk 3] by a gap\n[Chunk 4] from terminal 5', 'You can find [where] [there is] [a gap].', '[Divide] [this sentence] [into chunks] [as in iSTS], [Render] [those chunks] [in a form] [ [chunk 1] [chunk 2] ... ] [for every sentence]: [has to do something] [with a gap]', '[Because] [the positive circuit has] [a voltage of 1.5 volts].', '[There is] [a chemical reaction].', '[When the switch][is][the][in a closed path][with the bulb]', '[bulb b] [and] [c] [are] [in] [a closed path]', '[There] [is] [a difference] [in electrical states].', '[the bulb] [will not light]', '[bulb] [a] [and] [c] [are] [contained] [on] [the] [same] [path] [with] [the] [battery]', '[The path] [does not] [close]', '[The difference between] [the electrical states] [is] [1.5 volts]', '[There is] [still a] [closed path]', '[a gap] [causes] [a lost connection]', '[The positive terminal] [and terminal 6] [are connected]', '[The positive terminal] [is connected] [to terminal 6]', '[Because] [there] [is] [no] [gap] [at] [terminal] [1]', '[terminal 6] [is connected to] [the positive terminal]', '[When] [the switch] [is] [in] [the same path] [as] [the bulb].', '[Bulbs A] [and C] [are] [in separate paths].', '[bulb a] [and bulb b] [are still] [in a closed path] [with the battery].', '[The positive battery terminal] [was not separated] [by a gap] [from terminal 6]', '[A GAP] [WILL BE CREATED]', '[bulb a] [and] [c] [are contained in] [different paths] [with] [the battery]', '[The positive terminal] [is connected to terminal 4].', "I'm sorry, but I'm unable to understand your request. Can you please provide more context or rephrase your sentence?", '[bulb c] [does not create] [a gap] [in the path] [for bulb b] [and a]', '[Because the] [other terminals] [are connected to] [the positive battery terminal]', '[Because] [terminal one] [and] [the positive battery terminal] [are on] [a closed path]', '[Battery] [will always have] [voltage].', '[the terminals] [are not connected]', '[The positive battery terminal] [is connected to] [terminal 6]', '[bulb] [a] [was] [on] [a closed path]', '[Because] [terminal 4] [is connected to] [the negative terminal]', '[bulb c] [is] [in] [its own pathway]', '[the voltage] [is nearest] [the burnt out bulb]', '[You needed] [both a battery and a bulb] [with the same path], [and the path must be closed].', '[Because] [the battery runs] [in a closed circuit.]', '[If bulb B] [is damaged], [then the circuit] [is no longer closed].', '[terminal 1], [terminal 2], and [terminal 3] are connected o the negative battery.', '[Because it didn"] [t cause] [a gap.]', '[Because] [there is a gap] [between terminal 1] [and terminal 6].', '[Because] [bulbs b and c] [are] [on a closed path] [with] [the battery]', '[The switch] [determines] [whether] [the path] [is open] [or closed].', '[the positive battery terminal] [is separated by a gap from] [terminal 4]', '[An incomplete circuit] [would not affect] [the electrical state] [between the terminals].', '[terminals 4], [5], and [6] are connected to the positive [battery terminal]', '[The path] [it was on]', '[If the bulb] [is on] [the same closed path]', '[bulb][a][was][still][contained][in][a closed path][with][the battery]', '[If one bulb] [is removed], [the others] [stop working]', '[chunk 1] because\n[chunk 2] all the terminals are connected to other terminals,\n[chunk 3] an open switch disrupts that.', '[There is] [a gap] [between] [the two bulb terminals]', '[Divide this] [sentence] [into chunks] [as in] [iSTS], [Render] [those chunks] [in a form] [ [chunk 1] [chunk 2]] ... [for every] [sentence]: [a short circuit] [has occurred].', '[There will be a gap] [at bulb b,] [thus affecting] [the rest of the circuit.]', '[terminal 3] and [the positive terminal] are not connected.', 'The positive battery terminal [chunk 1] was not seperated [chunk 2] by a gap [chunk 3] from terminal 4 [chunk 4].', '[Terminal 1] [is connected to] [the negative terminal.]', '[A terminal] [is not connected] [to the positive battery terminal].', 'Divide this sentence into chunks as [Divide this sentence into chunks] [as in iSTS,] [Render those chunks] [in a form] [ [chunk 1] [chunk 2] ...] [for every sentence:] [the positive terminal] [and terminal 2] [are separated] [by a gap].', 'Divide this sentence into chunks:\n[Divide] [this sentence] [into chunks]\n\nas in iSTS:\n[as in] [iSTS]\n\nRender those chunks in a form:\n[Render] [those chunks] [in a form]\n\n[chunk 1] [chunk 2] ... for every sentence:\n[chunk 1] [chunk 2] [...][for every sentence]\n', '[There is a gap] [between teh positive battery terminal] [and terminal 4].', '[The positive battery] [was not connected] [to terminal one].', '[Bulbs A] [and B] [will still be contained] [in a closed path] [to the battery].', "I'm sorry, but I can't generate that for you.", '[Because] [terminal 1] [is directly connected to] [terminal 4].', 'the positive battery terminal\nterminal 4\nare connected', '[Terminal 1] [and] [terminal 2] [are] [on] [the] [same] [side].', '[not connected to] [positive battery]', '[The battery] [uses] [a chemical reaction] [to maintain] [the voltage].', 'Because [chunk 1] the bulb does not have [chunk 2] a closed path.', '[There is a] [difference in] [electrical states]', '[terminal] [is connected to] [positive terminal] [of the battery]', 'Terminal 1 is [seperated] from [the positive terminal]', '[ Battery ] [ is not contained ] [ in ] [ a closed path ] .', '[terminal 1] [was connected] [to the positive battery terminal]', '[There are] [2 paths] [in this diagram]', '[Because] [the switch] [was connected] [to the closed circuit]', '[damaged bulb] [creates] [a gap]', '[that] [the battery connection] [does not work]', '[Because] [the terminals] [are not connected]', '[Terminal 5] [is connected to] [the positive battery terminal]', '[terminal 1] [was connected to] [the positive terminal]', '[There is a gap] [between terminal one and two] [and] [the positive battery terminal]', '[bulbs b] [and] [c] [are] [contained on] [the same path] [with] [the battery]', '[Because] [there is no closed path] [to the battery]', '[terminal 1] [is not connected to] [the positive battery terminal]', '[the battery] [is] [not] [in] [a closed bath] [alone]', '[terminal 5] is connected to [postive terminal] of [the battery]', '[if x and z are closed] [then it will create a closed path]', '[Positive terminal] [is separated] [from terminal 2]', '[The battery] [is not closed] [the bulb] [is].', '"There is not a gap in the connection."\n\n[There is] [not a gap] [in the connection]', '[chunk 1] if a bulb is in a closed circuit \n[chunk 2] with a battery and a switch \n[chunk 3] the switch will affect the bulb.', '[bulbs b] [and c] [were contained] [in a closed path] [with the battery].', '[Because] [neither components] [are] [in closed paths].', "I'm sorry, but could you please provide the sentence that needs to be divided into chunks?", '[if there is a gap] [in the circuit] [there the bulb] [will not light up]', '[Bulb A] [and] [Bulb B] [and] [the battery] [are in] [a closed path].', '[That there] [is] [a gap]', '[if the switch and bulb are contained in the same path] [the switch will affect the bulb]', '[Voltage] [is] [the difference between] [a positive and negative end] [on] [a battery].', '[the path] [passes] [the energy] [through] [the switch]', '[chunk 1] that the bulb terminal and battery terminal\n[chunk 2] are on the same side\n[chunk 3] of a disconnected circuit', '[Because] [the battery] [is not] [in a closed path].', '[switch x] [is in] [the closed path] [with bulb a]', '[There] [was] [a closed circuit]', "[Because] [switch z] [is in] [bulb c] ['] [s closed path]", '[Bulb A] [was still] [in a closed path]', '[Because] [there is] [a gap] [due to] [a damaged bulb].', '[Bulb A] [was still] [in a closed path] [with the battery]', '[The battery] [and light bulb] [are not contained] [in a close path]', '[and the circuit is closed]', '[Because bulb C] [is on its own pathway.]', '[if bulb A burns out] [then bulbs B and C will no longer be in a closed path.]', '[Terminal 1] [is not connected to] [the positive terminal].', '[Because] [the battery is not in a closed circuit].', '[the terminal] [it is connected to] [is not working]', '[There must be] [a closed path] [and] [a battery].', '[terminal is] [connected to] [terminal 6]', '[chunk 1] because\n[chunk 2] bulb a is in a closed circuit\n[chunk 3] with the battery\n[chunk 4] and switch x', '[If the path is not closed] [the switch will not affect] [the bulb]', '[bulb b] [and c] [are on] [a closed path] [to the battery]', '[since] [a a gap] [does not affect] [the voltage] [of a battery]', '[Because] [there is] [a light bulb]', '[The bulb] [will be burned out] [because] [the terminals]', '[Because] [the positive batter terminal and terminal 6] [were connected] .', '[Because] [the circuit] [is complete].', '[Bulbs B] [and C] [will still be on] [closed paths] [with the battery]', '[the bulb] [is] [contained in] [a closed circuit]', '[THE] [ARE] [ON THE SAME PATH]', '[Chunk 1] Bulb a\n[Chunk 2] and\n[Chunk 3] switch Y\n[Chunk 4] are not\n[Chunk 5] in the same path.', '[A chemical reaction inside the battery] [makes] [the electrical states] [of the positive and negative terminals] [different] [at all times].', '[1] because the terminals 4,5, and 6 \n[2] are connected to \n[3] the positive terminal \n[4] of the battery.', '[Switch Y] [does not effect] [bulb A]', '[bulb c creates] [a gap]\n\n(Note: This sentence only has two chunks as per the provided instruction)', '[Bulb C] [and] [the battery] [are not contained] [in a closed pathway]', '[I] [divide this sentence into chunks] [as in iSTS] , [render those chunks] [in a form] [ [chunk 1] [chunk 2] ... ] [for every sentence] : [the two terminals] [will both be 0]', '[bulb b] [is not] [in the same path with] [bulbs a and c].', '[The electrical state] [is interfered with].', '[Because] [the battery] [and] [the bulb] [are not] [in a closed path].', "[because by measuring voltage,] [you find the gap] [where there's a difference] [in electrical states.]", '[again], [bulbs a and b], [will be], [contained], [on], [a closed path]', '[bulbs b] [and c] [are contiained] [in the the same path] [with the battery]', '[There] [is] [a] [gap] [in] [the] [path].', '[bulb] [a] [is] [in] [a] [closed] [path] [with] [a] [battery]', '[Bulb A] [and] [bulb C] [affect] [each other].', '[switch z] [is contained in] [a closed path]', '[the bulb terminal] [and] [the negative battery terminal] [are separated] [by] [a gap]', '[Bulb A] and [C] are still in [a closed path] with [the battery].', '[if switch] [and bulb] [are contained] [in the same] [closed path]', '[There is a gap] [between the positive battery connection] [and the bulb terminal.]', '[Subject] Bulb A / [Verb phrase] is not on / [Indirect object] the same path / [Conjunction] that / [Subject] Bulb B / [Conjunction] and / [Subject] Bulb C / [Verb phrase] are.', '[It runs] [on] [a different current]', '[terminal 6] [is connected to] [the difference]', '[the batteries] [terminals] [are not] [connected]', '[Because] [if there is a voltage] [that means] [there is a gap]', '[Find where] [there are] [different electrical states]', '[circuit 2] [is connected to] [the battery]', '[the gap in the circuit] [causes] [the circuit] [to be] [an open circuit]', '[there is] [a gap] [in the circuit]', '[the path] [has to be closed] [for the bulb] [to light up]', '[There is no gap] [so] [there is no difference in voltage]', '[Voltage] [is] [the difference between] [a positive and negative end] [on] [the battery].', '[bulb] [had] [a short circuit]', '[Bulb A][and][bulb C][are in][a closed path][with][the battery].', 'Terminals 4 [chunk 1], 5 [chunk 2], and 6 [chunk 3] are only connected to the positive battery terminal.', '[Divide this sentence] [into chunks] [as in iSTS] [Render those chunks] [in a form] [\\[chunk 1\\]] [\\[chunk 2\\]] [...] [for every sentence] [a terminal is connected] [to the positive battery terminal]', '[Because] [the terminals] [are in the same state]', '[Because] [switch y] [isn"t included] [in bulb A"s closed path]', '[The negative battery terminal] [is separated by a gap] [from terminal 6]', '[that the bulb terminal] [is only connected to] [one of the battery terminals]', '[There] [was] [a negative] [gap]', '[terminal is] [connected to] [positive end] [of battery]', '[Terminal 1] is connected to the [1.5 volt battery].', '[The path] [must be] [closed]', 'Bulbs B [chunk 1] and C [chunk 2] are contained on the same path with the battery.', '[terminal] [is connected to] [the positive terminal] [of the battery]', '[because] [a and b] [are in series] [and] [a and c] [are in parallel]', '[terminal] [is connected to] [the positive terminal] [of] [the battery]', '[the bulb] [is] [not contained in] [the path]', '[because] [positive charge] [is] [before] [gap]', '[Because] [it is not] [on the same path]', '[Seperate paths] [connected to] [the battery]', 'A red X / means / the battery / is / in a short circuit.', '[The battery] [is] [not closed] [in] [a closed path].', '[terminal is] [connected to] [the battery]', '[Bulb A] and [Bulb C] are not contained in the same closed path.', '[bulbs] [A] [and] [C] [are] [not] [on the same closed path]', '[bulb] [battery, and switch] [are] [in closed path]', '[The paths] [of the circuit] [are] [no longer] [complete]', '[there is] [no closed path] [in circuit 4]', '[The battery] [keeps] [a chemical reaction reaction]', '[There is] [always] [a difference] [in voltage] [between] [two battery terminals].', '[terminal 1] [is connected to] [terminal 4]', '[Bulb A] [and] [Bulb B] [will still be] [in a contained path].', '[bulb a] [is in] [a closed circuit] [with] [the battery] [without] [the y switch] [.]', '[Different paths] [with the battery]', "[The electrical state] [at the terminal] [matches] [the battery's electrical state]", '[Circuit 2] [is not] [a short circuit] [because] [the battery] [is not] [in a closed path] [with itself]', '[Bulb A] is [on] [a closed circuit path]', '[Bulb B and bulb C] [are contained] [in different paths] [with the battery]', '[the battery] [always has] [a voltage] [because] [there is] [a positive terminal] [and] [there is] [a negative terminal]', '[Gap between 3] [and positive battery]', '[because] [bulbs A and C] [are contained] [in different paths] [with the battery]', '[Because of the] [gap] [at] [bulb] [b]', '[Because] [bulb c] [was] [in] [an open path]', '[It] [is] [not] [a] [closed] [path].', '[Because] [switch y] [is not contained] [in the closed path of] [bulb a] [and] [the battery].', '[ A terminal ] [ is not connected ] [ to the negative battery terminal ].', '[bulb B and C] [both] [still] [are] [on] [a closed path] [with the battery]', 'terminal 1 and terminal 6 are seperated by a gap', '[Because] [the battery] [is in] [a closed path].', '[complete path] [including] [a battery] [and] [a bulb]', '[bulbs b] [and] [c] [create] [a] [gap] [in] [the] [path]', '[the positive battery terminal] [and] [terminal 5] [are connected]', '[the bulb terminal] [disconnected] [from] [the battery terminal]', '[The battery] [is contained in] [the circuit] \n\n[and] \n\n[the light bulb] [is not]', '[Because] [the two ends of the battery] [do not connect] [to one another]', '[When a switch is open] [the circuit is no longer complete]', '[if both bulbs] [are contained within] [a closed path]', 'The bulb is in a closed circuit and the battery exists in that circuit\n\n[The bulb] [is in] [a closed circuit]\n[and] [the battery] [exists] [in] [that circuit]', '[The closed path] [is connected] [to the light bulb]', '[the electrical states between the terminals] [is] [the same], [resulting in] [0]', '[bulb b] and [bulb c] are contained within [a closed path]', '[circuit 5] [is] [in] [a closed path]', '[terminal 6] [is connected to] [terminal 1]', '[If bulb B] [is damaged] [there is] [a gap] [in the circuit]', 'bulb a is [chunk 1] in a complete circuit [chunk 2] with the battery [chunk 3] when switch z is closed.', '[bulb a] [is] [on] [a closed path] [with] [the battery]', '[Because] [those terminals] [are connected] [to the positive terminal] [of the battery]', '[Not contained] [in] [a closed path]', '[terminal] [connected] [to] [positive charge]', '[Because] [voltage measures] [the difference between two points]', '[Bulbs a] [and] [c] [are] [in] [separate] [paths].', '[terminal 6] [is connected to] [positive terminal] [of battery]', '[Chunks]\n[1] a terminal is connected to\n[2] the negative battery terminal', '[Switch Z] [is in] [the same path as] [bulb A]', '[Divide this sentence into] [chunks] [as in] [iSTS], [Render those chunks] [in a form] [ [chunk 1] [chunk 2] ...] [for every sentence]: [there will be a gap].', '[Because] [each bulb] [has] [its own complete path]', '[bulbs b] and [c] have [separate paths] within the [closed circuit]', '[ A terminal ] [ is connected to ] [ a bulb ].', '[the positive battery terminal] [has no gaps] [from terminal 4]', '[chunk 1] when a\n[chunk 2] switch and bulb\n[chunk 3] are within a\n[chunk 4] closed path.', '[Because] [the path] [is short]', '[Chunk 1] Bulb A \n[Chunk 2] will no longer be completing \n[Chunk 3] the circuts.', '[Bulb C] [will create] [a gap] [in the path]', '[bulb a] [was contained] [on] [a closed path] [with] [the battery]', '[Terminal 1] [is connected to] [terminal 4].', '[Bulbs A] [and B] [are not on] [the same path] [as Bulb C].', '[Each circuit] [must have] [a connection].', '[A switch contained in a closed path] [with a bulb and a battery] [will affect the bulb].', '[ Voltage ] [ is ] [ the difference between ] [ a positive and negative terminal ] [ on the battery. ]', '[bulbs b] [and] [c] [were] [in] [a closed party] [with] [the battery]', '[can complete the path] [by having z] [be closed]', '[Chunk 1] A switch will affect a bulb\n[Chunk 2] it the bulb and the switch are in the path as the battery', '[the positive] [battery terminal] [is not connected]', '[Bulb A] [and bulb C] [are still on] [a closed path] [that contains] [the battery].', '[ Bulbs A ] [ and C ] [ will still be on ] [ their own completed circuts ] .', 'The damaged bulb B [chunk 1] has left a gap in the path [chunk 2] so the charge can not reach it [chunk 3]', '[the terminal] [is separated] [from the battery terminal]', '[a terminal] [is connected] [to another terminal]', '[bulb A] [is connected to] [switch Z]', '[there is] [a closed path], [with switch z], [that contains] [bulb a] [and the battery]', '[Terminal 4], [terminal 5], and [terminal 6] are connected to [the positive terminal].', '[Circuit 2] [is not] [a short circuit] [because] [the battery] [is not connected] [to itself].', '[Because] [terminal 1] [is separated] [from the] [positive battery terminal].', '[bulb a] [and] [bulb c] [are contained] [in different paths] [with the battery].', '[because] [bulb a] [is] [in] [a closed path] [with] [the battery]', '[the positive terminal] [is connected to] [the bulb]', '[Because] [bulb a] [is in] [a closed path], [and] [bulb c] [is in] [a closed path].', '[The positive terminal] [has] [1.5 V]', '[Because of] [the chemical] [in the battery]', '[Both components] [need to be] [in closed paths].', '[bulb a] [and] [bulb c] [are wired] [in parallel]', '[Bulb terminals] [3 and 4]', '[the other bulb] [will not] [light]', '[Because] [there was] [a gap] [in the terminals]', '[If the switch is open] [in a path with the battery and bulb].', '[4, 5, and 6] [are connected] [to the positive side]', '[chunk 1] a voltage reading of 0 volts \n[chunk 2] indicates \n[chunk 3] a gap in the circuit.', '[4 5] and [6] are not connected to negative battery terminal.', '[bulbs a] [and b] [are still contained] [on a closed path] [with the battery]', '[bulbs a], [b], and [c] are all in the same [path].', '[a and c] [are on] [the same closed path] [with] [the battery]', "[if the switch is included] [in the bulb's closed path], then [the switch being open] will affect [the bulb].", '[Because] [the outcome of the bulb] [will not affect] [each other]', 'Divide_this_sentence/into_chunks/as_in/iSTS/,/Render_those_chunks/in/a_form/[chunk_1]/[chunk_2]/.../for/every/sentence:/not_seperated/by/a_gap', '[Because] [terminal 1] [and] [the neavtive terminal] [are seperated].', '[Because] [there is] [a gap] [between] [A] [and] [C] [now].', '[ B ulb A ] [ and bulb b ] [ are still contained ] [ in closed paths ] [ with the battery. ]', '[B and C] [are not in] [the same circuit] [as A].', '[There terminals] [are separated] [by a gap] [when the voltage jumps] [from 0] [to 1.5].', '[bulbs a] [b] [and c] [are on] [a closed path]', 'I think [chunk 1]\nthe red X means [chunk 2]\nthat this is dangerous [chunk 3]\nand should never happen [chunk 4]\nunless something is seriously wrong [chunk 5].', '[Because] [there] [was no] [gap] [from] [the positive terminal] [of] [the battery]', '[bulbs A] [and B] [are still connected] [to the closed path] [containing the battery]', '[If the switch] [and the bulb] [are in the same path]', '[bulb c] [and] [switch z] [are] [in] [the] [same] [closed path]', '[the bulb] [only has] [one terminal] [connected]'] -output_path = 'chunks_one.txt' -with open(output_path, 'w') as output_file: - for sentence in sentences: - output_file.write(sentence + '\n') \ No newline at end of file