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<body lang="en">
<div class="section-level-extent" id="Floats">
<div class="nav-panel">
<p>
Previous: <a href="http://latexref.xyz/_005cbaselineskip-_0026-_005cbaselinestretch.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev"><code class="code">\baselineskip</code> &amp; <code class="code">\baselinestretch</code></a>, Up: <a href="http://latexref.xyz/Layout.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">Layout</a> &nbsp; [<a href="http://latexref.xyz/index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="http://latexref.xyz/Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<hr>
<h3 class="section" id="Floats-1">5.7 Floats</h3>
<p>Some typographic elements, such as figures and tables, cannot be broken
across pages. They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text,
for instance floating to the top of a later page.
</p>
<p>LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material.
The default is the two classes, <code class="code">figure</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="http://latexref.xyz/figure.html"><code class="code">figure</code></a>) and
<code class="code">table</code> (see <a class="pxref" href="http://latexref.xyz/table.html"><code class="code">table</code></a>), but you can create a new class with the
package <code class="code">float</code>.
</p>
<p>Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that
the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second
figure. However, LaTeX may mix the classes, so it can happen that
while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it
appears in the output after it.
</p>
<p>The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that
limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and
the bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued that the limits prevent
them all from fitting on a page then LaTeX places what it can and
defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may end up
being typeset far from their place in the source. In particular, a
float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which
event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order,
every following float in that class also appears at the end.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-placement-of-floats"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a>
<p>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak
where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its
<var class="var">placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the
letters below. The default for both <code class="code">figure</code> and <code class="code">table</code>, in
both <code class="code">article</code> and <code class="code">book</code> classes, is <code class="code">tbp</code>.
</p>
<dl class="table">
<dt><code class="code">t</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Top)—at the top of a text page.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">b</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code class="code">b</code> is not
allowed for full-width floats (<code class="code">figure*</code>) with double-column
output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp class="file">stfloats</samp> or
<samp class="file">dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the
FAQ: <a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-2colfloat</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">h</code></dt>
<dd><p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <code class="code">figure</code> environment
appears. However, <code class="code">h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code class="code">t</code> is
automatically added.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-float"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-float-package"></a>
<p>To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can
<code class="code">\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code class="code">H</code> specifier which it
defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at
<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-figurehere</a>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-float-page"><span><code class="code">p</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-float-page"></a></span></dt>
<dd><p>(Page of floats)—on a separate <em class="dfn">float page</em>, which is a page
containing no text, only floats.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><code class="code">!</code></dt>
<dd><p>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX
ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear
and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page.
The <code class="code">!</code> specifier does <em class="emph">not</em> mean “put the float here”;
see above.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var class="var">placement</var> argument
does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float;
for instance, <code class="code">btp</code> has the same effect as <code class="code">tbp</code>. All that
<var class="var">placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the
algorithm does not try that location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of
<code class="code">tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it
occurs in the source.
</p>
<p>To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a
chapter you can use a <code class="code">\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and
insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can
use the <samp class="file">afterpage</samp> package and issue
<code class="code">\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page
is finished and then flush all outstanding floats.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-package_002c-flafter"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-flafter-package"></a>
<p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source
(although on the same output page) if there is a <code class="code">t</code> specifier in
the <var class="var">placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting
the <code class="code">t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed
at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using
the <code class="code">flafter</code> package or using the command
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a>
<code class="code">\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on
this page to moved to the next page.
</p>
<p>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and
non-float text (change them with
<code class="code">\renewcommand{<var class="var">parameter</var>}{<var class="var">decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dt id="index-_005cbottomfraction"><span><code class="code">\bottomfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cbottomfraction"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at
the bottom; default ‘<samp class="samp">.3</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"><span><code class="code">\floatpagefraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats;
default ‘<samp class="samp">.5</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-_005ctextfraction"><span><code class="code">\textfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextfraction"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too
much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a
different page. The default is ‘<samp class="samp">.2</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-_005ctopfraction"><span><code class="code">\topfraction</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctopfraction"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before
floats; default ‘<samp class="samp">.7</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with a
command of the form <code class="code">\setlength{<var class="var">parameter</var>}{<var class="var">length
expression</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dt id="index-_005cfloatsep"><span><code class="code">\floatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cfloatsep"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default
‘<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-_005cintextsep"><span><code class="code">\intextsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005cintextsep"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default
‘<samp class="samp">12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for 10 point and 11 point documents,
and ‘<samp class="samp">14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for 12 point documents.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-_005ctextfloatsep"><span><code class="code">\textfloatsep</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page;
default ‘<samp class="samp">20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with a
command of the form <code class="code">\setcounter{<var class="var">ctrname</var>}{<var class="var">natural
number</var>}</code>):
</p>
<dl class="ftable">
<dt id="index-bottomnumber"><span><code class="code">bottomnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-bottomnumber"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-bottomnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page;
default 1.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-dbltopnumber"><span><code class="code">dbltopnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-dbltopnumber"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a
two-column page; default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-topnumber"><span><code class="code">topnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-topnumber"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-topnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page;
default 2.
</p>
</dd>
<dt id="index-totalnumber"><span><code class="code">totalnumber</code><a class="copiable-link" href="#index-totalnumber"></a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-totalnumber-1"></a>
<a class="anchor" id="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>The principal TeX&nbsp;FAQ entry relating to floats
<a class="url" href="https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats">https://www.texfaq.org/FAQ-floats</a> contains
suggestions for relaxing LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the
problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the
float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to
influence the position of float environments like figure and table in
LaTeX?”
(<a class="url" href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf">https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2014-FMi-TUB-tb111mitt-float-placement.pdf</a>).
</p>
<ul class="mini-toc">
<li><a href="http://latexref.xyz/_005ccaption.html" accesskey="1"><code class="code">\caption</code></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<hr><div class="referenceinfo"> <a href="https://latexref.xyz/"> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div>
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